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Small C Compilers

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Welcome to bootstrapping! [ [13]edit ]

   This wiki is about bootstrapping. Building up compilers and
   interpreters and tools from nothing.
"Recipe for yogurt: Add yogurt to milk." - Anon.

   short sci fi story [14]Coding Machines by Lawrence Kesteloot, January
   2009

   Also see [15]http://bootstrappable.org , which has pointers to a
   mailing list and IRC channel.
Simple explanation: bootstrapping is about building a compiler using tools small
er than itself, as opposed to building a compiler using an already built version
 of itself. The problem with the second is: Where did that prebuilt binary come
from?

Current Topics [ [16]edit ]

     * [17]mes by janneke,mes
     * [18]stage0 by Jeremiah Oriansstage0
     * Coquillage by bms_
     * [19]Descent principle
     * [20]The Semantics Assignment Problem
     * [21]Self-Extension
     * [22]Self-Hosting
     * [23]Build Systems
     * [24]Build Inputs
     * [25]C compilers
     * [26]Below C Level
     * [27]Boostrapping Specific Languages
     * [28]discarded options and why
     * [29]Investigate
     * [30]Projects List
     * [31]Documents
     * [32]Forth

Past Research [ [33]edit ]

                    [34]bcompiler by Grimley Evans
   This is a detailed log of the process of bootstrapping a series of
   languages up starting from just a hex assembler written using a hex
   editor.
    [35]The Cuneiform Tablets of 2015 by Long Tien Nguyen, Alan Kay
   This discusses methods of long term software preservation. Briefly
   about hardware that will not degrade over time, but the majority of the
   paper is about how to design a software stack that can be executed in
   the far future. In order to achieve this they recommend build
   everything in terms of a machine with a short simple specification.
                  [36]jonesforth.S by Richard W.M. Jones
   In depth literate programming describing a complete implementation of
   forth. Bootstrapped from intel 32 bit assembly with lots of assembler
   macros into a fully self extensible forth. This is a really
   illuminating read, teaching a lot of details about forth as well as
   showing just how minimal a runtime it is possible to make a programming
   language with.
                     [37]stoneknifeforth by Kragen
   Kragen (again) doing amazing bootstrapping/self hosting work. This
   forth is implemented in a screenful of code, able to emit ELF files
   directly. Self extensible. Single char word names.
                         [38]amber by nineties
   These slides outline the developement of rowl and amber. This is a
   programming language bootstrapped up from assembly. rowl is implemented
   directly in assembly then parts of the amber vm and compiler are
   implemented in rowl, then the rest of amber is implemented by self
   hosting.
                           [39]SCM-Go by pkelcjte
   This project builds a SICP-style, Scheme interpreter with a REPL in Go.
   The blog post describes each phase. They're simple-looking. The Github
   integrates it into a total of 240 lines of code. Being a simple
   language, the Go implementation could be ported to anything else in our
   collection or straight hand-assemblied. Then, more complex stuff built
   on it like nineties or other LISPers do.
                         [40]jrp.c by curtism
   A very small x86 JIT stack calculator implemented in C. All of the
   instructions are coded in a clever way to make them each a double word
   or a quad word.
           [41]Yet Another BrainFuck Compiler by cameronswinoga
   This is a brain**** compiler implemented in C. It produces an elf file
   directly.
                                  [42]qcc
   The QCC project: hooking tcc frontend up with qcc's code generator and
   creating a toybox style set of cc, as, ld tools.
                    [43]List of Diverse Hardware
   A big concern in dealing with trust in hardware is whether it's
   subverted or not. Intel, AMD, and many other big names have backdoors
   in their chips for management purposes. Among other things... ;) One
   cheat to get trustworthy image is to just use a computer you have no
   reason to believe is subverted. Acquire it under a boring buyer, it
   itself is a boring tech, do your bootstrapping thing in it air gapped,
   and use what it produces. It will likely *not* be subverted *by
   default* since the interdictors and TAO folks have limited resources w/
   no reason to target the system. Use several that are different for best
   results. To help with that, I (Nick P.) put together a list of all
   kinds of CPU's and execution strategies on Schneier's blog. Something I
   left off the list are old TI-82 calculators, Palm Pilots, etc. Lots of
   old stuff lying around you can get in person with cash that is probably
   unsubverted.
             [44]golang talk golang transpiled from c to go
   "It's time for the Go compilers to be written in Go, not in C. I'll
   talk about the unusual process the Go team has adopted to make that
   happen: mechanical conversion of the existing C compilers into
   idiomatic Go code". They wrote the compiler in C then translated the
   source code from C into Go almost automatically (had to do some manual
   fixing up). This is an interesting approach. Let's name it the
   transpile approach to self hosting.
     [45]asmutils a linux distro/userland implemented in assembly
   This is a linux distribution implemented entirely in assembly. It
   doesn't depend on libc or anything.
              [46]COMFY-65 a macro assembler hosted on lisp
   Henry G. Baker implements COMFY-65, a macro assembler hosted on lisp.

   With the power of the entire Lisp language available for use within
   COMFY-65 macros, the amount of intelligence one can embed in these
   macros is limitless
              [47]B.Y.O assembler in forth by Brad Rodriguez
   This is a teaching document that explains how to make an assembler in
   forth! It shows a very forth-idiomatic style of programming, and how
   easy it is to make an advanced assembler once you have a working forth.
                      [48]mrustc by thepowersgang
   This is a rust compiler written in C++, it translates rust to C. it
   makes the normal self hosted rustc compiler bootstrappable! It neglects
   the borrow checker but is still able to compile valid input source
   correctly.
                        [49]bsdc by Leor Zolman
   A C compiler (for CP/M) implemented in assembly. 25k lines of asm.
                         [50]maru by Ian Piumarta
   This is the real deal. Ian Piumarta implemented a fully bootstrappable
   scheme here starting from C, then self hosting to a compiler that emits
   binary directly. Very impressive!
                        [51]CakeML by Myreen et al
   CakeML is really really fascinating. They have created a theory of SML
   programs inside HOL, allowing them to prove properties of SML programs
   embedded inside HOL. They have created a (serious) compiler from SML
   down to assembly and proved that it preserves semantics all the way.
   They are then able to compile the compile simultaneously bootstrapping
   the proof to create a verified compiler binary for which it is proven
   that it compiles input programs and preserves their semantics. To my
   knowledge this is the first such development.
                   [52]bootstrap by Richard Smith
   This is an incredibly well developed bootstrapping project. hex
   assembler. elf maker. x86 assembler. linker. B compiler. C compiler.
   Includes implementations of various POSIX style libc functions along
   the way. It is extremely well written and worth studying!
                    [53]asmc by Giovanni Mascellani
   The asmc project is a small bootable kernel that loads up a payload
   which. payloads exist for assembly compilers and "G language"
   compilers. The G language is a low level lang below C which was
   invented to ease bootstrapping. An assembler (which can build the
   kernel) has been implemented in G.
                        [54]blc by Pim Goossens
   cmeta - Using ideas from META compiler compiler Pim builds the meta
   language up from raw hex. blc - binary lambda calculus implementation,
   capable of computing matt mights factorial program. built using the
   cmeta system. Incredibly terse. Surprising that the techniques of
   metacompiler compilers can be applied at such a low level. The amount
   of leverage may be highest in this project.
                  [55]pascal-p by Pascal-P Porting Kit
   "It compiles and runs a subset of the Revised Pascal language. That
   subset was designed to be the minimum language required to self compile
   for a new machine implementation. It was part of a "bootstrapping" kit
   designed to facilitate porting Pascal to new machines.". The pascal
   language was implemented with bootstrapping intention in mind. They
   have a simple "p code" bytecode language that eases the process.
                   [56]eulex by David Vázquez Púa
   This is a forth operating system with emacs like editor and lisp
   interpreter built in it. It's a 1700 line assembly script for the
   bootable forth compiler/interpreter and then the whole rest of the
   system is implemented in forth. I have not tried but apparently it can
   build itself with the assembler. This is very impressive work.

Past Research / intray [ [57]edit ]

   important: try to summarize lessons learned from each.
     * [58]Pascal-S by Wirth (Small, self-contained subset w/ great error
       reporting)
     * [59]Compiler Construction by Wirth (Oberon-0 language in book is
       well-suited to bootstrapping)
     * [60]Edison by Hansen (Language w/ 5 statements & small OS on
       PDP-11)
     * [61]Project Oberon by Wirth et al (Simple language, compiler, OS,
       and RISC CPU w/ source laid out like a book.)
     * [62]ML/I and Sal by Tannenbaum (Macro system bootstrapping
       low-level language, Sal, they built an OS with)
     * [63]COLA whitepaper by Ian Piumarta
     * [64]PreScheme using an low level s-exp IL to implement scheme.
     * [65]Incremental, Scheme Compiler by Ghuloum (Build Scheme-to-ASM
       compiler in "24, small steps;" Githubs available)
     * [66]Red Language by Rakocevic et al (LISP-like power/DSL's, can do
       low-level, batteries included, 1MB standalone)
     * [67]MinCaml by IPA (Efficient compiler for minimal, functional
       language in 2000 lines & 14-week segments)
     * [68]Spry by Krampe (Combines traits of LISP, Rebol, Smalltalk, and
       Forth; hosted on Nim; 2300loc)
     * [69]LCC by Hanson and Fraser (A 20Kloc compiler w/ book describing
       its workings; literate code; non-FOSS, but free non-commercial)
     * [70]Axiomatic Bootstrapping: A Guide for Compiler Hackers by Andrew
       Appel (bootstrapping SML)
     * [71]Merlin: Just Add Reflection (bootstrapping object oriented
       merlin)
     * [72]booting BCPL (bootstrapping BCPL using intcode)
     * [73]High-level Assembly by Hyde (Assembly w/ high-level data types,
       control flow & a stdlib; use/check just what you need)
     * [74]Linoleum by Ghignola (Cross-platform, lean, fast, assembly-like
       language)
     * [75]wingolog about the guile compiler (all brilliant posts!)
     * [76]Partcl by Zaitsev (Tiny TCL; TCL's parse & interpret easily;
       also references Picol etc)
     * [77][1] neatld linker by ali grudi (and also [78]neatas [79]neatcc
       )
     * [80]SchemeRepo by Univ. of Indiana (Pile of source for Scheme
       lexers, parsers, comilers, etc.)
     * [81]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sk9TatW9ino Tutorial: Building
       the Simplest Possible Linux System - Rob Landley
     * [82]Om Language by sparist (Prefix, typeless language with three
       operators; concatenative like Forth)
     * [83][2] by Laurence Tratt
     * [84]SBCL: a Sanely-Bootstrappable Common Lisp by Christophe Rhodes
     * prescheme to c compiler - [85]https://github.com/nineties-retro/sps
     * [86]Ur-Scheme by Kragen Sitaker
     * [87]qhasm by Daniel Bernstein (portable form of Assembly language
       that standardizes machine instruction syntax across CPUs)
     * [88]debian rebootstrap a project with the idea that bootstrapping
       debian should be a repeatable process, not a hacky one off thing
     * [89]http://t3x.org/t3x/ - minimal procedural language with self
       hosted tiny compiler
     * [90][3] - bootstrapping a linux system from source
     * [91]bootstrapping trust in compilers blog post by Owl's portfolio
     * [92]programming thought experiment kragen comment on reddit
     * [93]scheme from scratch
     * [94]http://interim-os.com/
     * [95]https://github.com/m4tx/uefi-jit**** UEFI JIT brain****
     * [96]https://miyuki.github.io/2017/10/04/gcc-archaeology-1.html gcc
       archaeology
     * [97]https://github.com/murisi/L2
     * [98]https://tinygo.org/faq/why-a-new-compiler/
     * [99]https://github.com/siraben/meta-II

Groups [ [100]edit ]

Karger-Thompson Attack [ [101]edit ]

   Anything related to the karger thompson attack: proof of concept demos,
   mitigations, theory.
     * [102]multics the original paper explaining the attack (before
       thompson!)
     * [103]SCM Security by Wheeler (Secure distribution & compilation of
       source fundamentals; Karger advised mastering it)
     * [104]rotten by rntz (thompson attack demo)
     * [105]rust infection by manishearth (thompson attack demo in the
       rust compiler)
     * [106]tcc ACSAC by daved wheeler
     * [107]CompCert by Leroy et al (Mathematically-verified, C compiler
       whose specs and proofs checked with tiny, verified checker)
     * [108]CakeML by Myreen et al (Mathematically-verified, SML compiler
       whose specs and proofs checked with different, tiny, verified
       checker)
     * [109]VLISP by Oliva and Wand (Article has links to VLISP which
       mathematically verified PreScheme and Scheme48)
     * [110]KCC by Rosu et al (Executable, formal semantics for C in
       rewrite logic; could do that w/ simpler engine)
     * [111]TALC by Cornell (Typed, assembly language to verify safety
       w/out compiler; checker can be simple; C subset + verified compiler
       to TALC)
     * [112]CoqASM by Microsoft Research (Bootstrap in verifiably-safe
       assembly in prover checked by tiny, verified checker)

Ubiquitous Implementations [ [113]edit ]

   These are tools written in ubiquitous languages, therefore they can be
   used in a wide variety of contexts.
     * [114]shasm by Hohensee (x86 assembler written in BASH)
     * [115]AWKLisp by Bacon (LISP written in Awk; includes Perl version
       from Perl Avenger)
     * [116]Gherkin by Dipert (LISP written in Bash)
     * [117]BASH Infinity by Brzoska (BASH framework/routines that might
       help write compilers in it)
     * [118]mal "make a lisp" implementing a very basic lisp interpreter
       in hundreds of languages
     * [119][4] A new bootstrapping project that is built up to a self
       host language above assembly from a minimal DOS platform.

Small C Compilers [ [120]edit ]

     * [121]c4 by rswier (incredibly short c compiler)
     * [122]cc500 by edmund grimley-evans (tiny c compiler)
     * [123]CUCU by Zaitsev (Small, C compiler designed for easy
       understanding)
     * [124]SmallerC by Frunze (Small, single-pass, C compiler for several
       ISA's)
     * [125]picoc interpreter.
     * [126]C Interpreter by Dr Dobbs (Describes building a C interpreter
       with source)
     * [127][5] Small C for I386 (IA-32)
     * [128]Selfie , a tiny self-compiling compiler for a subset of C, a
       tiny self-executing MIPS emulator, and a tiny self-hosting MIPS
       hypervisor, all in a single 7kLoC file. [129]HN discussion.
       [130]Paper.
     * [131]Tiny C expression compiler Written in Forth based on
       [132]tinyc.c by marc feeley.
     * [133][6] [134][7] C compilers by Rui Ueyama [135]blog
     * [136][8] 10 hour self hosting c compiler

Grammars, Parsing, and Term Rewriting [ [137]edit ]

     * [138]Grammar Executing Machine by McKeeman and He (Incrementally
       extend languages from simple to complex grammars in interpreter(s))
     * [139]peg by kragen (parsing)
     * [140]PEG-based simple compiler by Ian Piumarta
     * [141]META II by Bayfront Tech (Original meta-compiler w/ live code
       and detailed tutorial; OMeta was successor)
     * [142]META II implementation by Lugon (Looks like a small
       implementation of META II; also bootstrapped in META II)
     * [143]OMeta# Intro by Moser (OMeta intro that nicely illustrates the
       meta approach/advantages)

Virtual Machines, Instruction Sets [ [144]edit ]

     * [145]P-code by Wirth (High-level language & libraries target
       ultra-simple, portable interpreter)
     * [146]sweet16 by Steve Wozniak
     * [147]Tiny BASIC by Allison (Small BASIC whose original VM took 120,
       virtual opcodes to implement using 3KB RAM)
     * [148]Klip by Cutting (Compiler & runtime for simple language for
       students; done in C#; runtime is very readable)

CPU's for Bootstrapping: The Simple, The Verified, and The Necessarily
Complex [ [149]edit ]

     * [150]NAND2Tetris by Nisan and Schocken (Guide that teaches hardware
       step-by-step in fun way with simple CPU emerging)
     * [151]J1 by by Bowman (16-bit Forth CPU in 200 lines of Verilog that
       does 100MIPS on FPGA's)
     * [152]H2 by Howe (Modified, VHDL version of J1 with detailed
       description and Howe's code MIT-licensed)
     * [153]RISC-0 by Wirth (Simple, RISC CPU & SOC designed for Oberon
       language with detailed docs and source online)
     * [154]JOP by Shoeberl et al (Embedded Java processor that takes up
       1830 slices on FPGA)
     * [155]Scheme Machine by Burger (Scheme interpreter implemented as
       CPU using formal methods)
     * [156]ZPU by Zylin AS (Tiny, 32-bit CPU for deep embedded apps in
       440 LUT's)
     * [157]J2 by Landley et al (Clone of cost-efficient, SuperH-2 CPU in
       open-source)
     * [158]VAMP by Beyer et al (Formally-verified, DLX-style processor in
       18,000 slices on Xilinx)
     * [159]Leon3 by Gaisler (Industry-grade, 32-bit SPARC w/
       auto-configuration of core and GPL license)
     * [160]Rocket by Univ of CA (1.4GHz RISC-V CPU and generator for
       customization)
     * [161]OpenPITON by Princeton (25-core, shared-memory, SPARC CPU
       open-sourced and very scalable)

Minimal Operating Systems [ [162]edit ]

     * [163]KolibriOS - lightweight assembly OS.
     * [164]MikeOS - same.
     * [165]Sortix - modern reimplementation of POSIX in C. (Note: No perl
       port and GCC does not build natively on it. (yet.))
     * [166]ASMLINUX - linux kernel, but the userspace is implemented
       entirely in assembly.
     * [167]LFS - Guide on building Linux and the GNU userspace.
     * buildroot
     * [168]NetBSD build.sh - Cross-build a complete NetBSD ISO from a
       foreign OS. There's also a [169]guide in the official NetBSD docs.
     * [170]lh-bootstrap - alternative linux distro, using musl instead of
       glibc.
     * [171]xv6 - UNIX teaching OS MIT
     * [172]OS/161 - UNIX teaching OS Harvard
     * [173]https://landley.net/toybox/about.html - Toybox, alternative to
       Busybox by Robert Landley, see also [174]Aboriginal Linux and
       [175]mkroot by the same author, which are all geared toward a
       minimal boostrappable system
     * [176]https://github.com/pikhq/bootstrap-linux - Another take at a
       bootstrappable Linux system

Biology/Other? [ [177]edit ]

     * [178]https://ds9a.nl/amazing-dna/#bootstrapping - DNA seen through
       the eyes of a coder

Helpful Links [ [179]edit ]

     * [180]AIM-039.pdf The first self hosted lisp
     * [181]lambda-the-ultimate thread asking for info on bootstrapping
     * [182]awesome-compilers github list with a lot of information (copy
       the relevant parts to this wiki)
     * [183]Tombstone diagram
     * [184]bootstrappable a community hub for bootstrapping, with mailing
       list.
     * [185]bootstrappable mailing list
     * [186]yabfc - Generating-executable-files-from-scratch
     * [187]ELF visualization
     * [188]Cfront - converts C++ to C; developed by Bjarne Stroustrup.
     * [189]https://sourceware.org/glibc/wiki/FAQ#How_do_I_install_all_of_
       the_GNU_C_Library_project_libraries_that_I_just_built.3F
     * [190]Formal Compiler Verification with ACL2 - proving a compiler
       correct with ACL2 and discussion about correctness and self
       compiling.

   <'¶ >'
     * [191]Rustdesk: The open source TeamViewer alternative
     * [192]DJI Mavic 3 Drone
     * [193]Hacker News ¡ 2021-09-14
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     * [200]Hacker News ¡ 2021-08-31
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     * [207]Hacker News ¡ 2021-08-21
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     * [209]Hacker News ¡ 2021-08-15
     * [210]Hacker News ¡ 2021-08-15

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   9. https://www.gushiciku.cn/pla/Hacker%20News
  10. https://www.gushiciku.cn/plt/%E5%BD%99%E7%B7%A8%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F
  11. https://www.gushiciku.cn/plt/Lisp
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