crenshaw: started to implement functions, added a todo

8 files changed, 1314 insertions, 24 deletions

diff --git a/crenshaw/README b/crenshaw/README
index b2414fc..0aaffcb 100644
--- a/crenshaw/README
+++ b/crenshaw/README
@@ -22,6 +22,10 @@ fpc main.pas
 nasm -o test.bin -f bin test.asm
 ./emul test.bin
 
+TODO: kapstone to actually assemble the code, currently
+we use nasm to produce a binary and we use capstone to decode
+it. What's better?
+
 links
 -----
 
@@ -39,7 +43,12 @@ findings
 tutor2:
 
 the expression and data stacks should be better explained and
-linked to the abstract description of the algorithm.
+linked to the abstract description of Dijkstra's Two-Stack Algorithm.
+The trick is here that one stack representing the operators is the
+function call stack of the recursive descent parser and the other one
+lives on the stack (or could live in registers, if you have many of them
+or mixed - registers for < 8 operands, rest onto stack) - but
+conceptually a stack of operands.
 
 tutor3, local variables:
 
@@ -49,6 +58,7 @@ compiler merely adds [X] references and X: dw 0 labels and
 data initializers.
 
 https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18447627/what-is-pc-relative-addressing-and-how-can-i-use-it-in-masm
+(stackoverflow_what-is-pc-relative-addressing-and-how-can-i-use-it-in-masm.txt)
 
 emulate the (PC) relative addressing of the MIPS:
 
@@ -60,11 +70,41 @@ x:
   ; Now we can do (pseudo-)PC-Relative addressing:
   MOV EAX,[EDI+1234]
 
-but we still have to calculate relative addresses.  
+but we still have to calculate relative addresses. On the
+other hand we loose a register as sort of an address base
+register.
+
+PC-relative adressig is a good thing, as it makes
+code relocatable for free.
+
+Some survey on which CPUs have/had PC-relative adressing:
+
+https://www10.dict.cc/wp_examples.php?lp_id=1&lang=en&s=relative
+(tutor3-wp_examples_relative.txt)
 
 There is no initializer yet, so we can just address the initialized
 variable in the expression for now.
 
 => there is a tradeoff here, how much do we do in the compiler, how
    much in the assember, linker
-   
+
+=> security comes into play later: we don't want code and variables
+   to mix! We don't want constants (like string literals, variable
+   constants) to be in the same segment as mutable variables. So
+   PC-relative adressing is something from the past for this point of
+   view.
+      
+tutor3, functions
+
+We could make the parser deterministic by having one special
+character, for instance:
+
+4 digits
+Vxxx variables
+Fxxx functions
+
+then we could decide on the LookAhead character. But that's
+hardly a benefit for the people using the language.
+
+The approach here is that 'x' is the variable and 'x()' is the function
+call. 
diff --git a/crenshaw/TODOS b/crenshaw/TODOS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f1cc928
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crenshaw/TODOS
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+- emul:
+  - subroutine don't work with cs_disasm_iter, as this one moves
+    sequentially through the code, so we have to disassemble up
+    the current position of the EIP. We could also just decode
+    the whole thing.
+- main.pas:
+  - generated code for functions should not intermix with space
+    for variables
diff --git a/crenshaw/build.sh b/crenshaw/build.sh
index 5373e01..6c166f8 100755
--- a/crenshaw/build.sh
+++ b/crenshaw/build.sh
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 fpc main.pas 
 ./main < test.prog > test.asm
+cat test.asm
 nasm -o test.bin -f bin test.asm
 #nasm -f elf32 test.asm
 #gcc -m32 -march=i486 -ffreestanding -o test test.o
diff --git a/crenshaw/docs/stackoverflow_what-is-pc-relative-addressing-and-how-can-i-use-it-in-masm.txt b/crenshaw/docs/stackoverflow_what-is-pc-relative-addressing-and-how-can-i-use-it-in-masm.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e7636f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crenshaw/docs/stackoverflow_what-is-pc-relative-addressing-and-how-can-i-use-it-in-masm.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,820 @@
+   #[1]Stack Overflow [2]Feed for question 'What is PC-relative addressing
+   and how can I use it in MASM?'
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+[29]What is PC-relative addressing and how can I use it in MASM?
+
+   [30]Ask Question
+   up vote 2 down vote [31]favorite
+
+   I'm following Jack Crenshaw's compiler tutorial (If you look at my
+   profile, that's what all my questions are about lol) and it just got to
+   the point where variables are introduced. He comments that the 68k
+   requires everything to be "position-independent" which means it's
+   "PC-relative". I get that PC is the program counter, and on x86 it's
+   EIP. But he uses syntax like MOVE X(PC),D0 where X is a variable name.
+   I've read a little ahead and it says nothing later about declaring a
+   variable in .data. How does this work? To make this work in x86, what
+   would I replace X(PC) with in MOV EAX, X(PC)?
+
+   To be honest I'm not even sure this is supposed to output working code
+   yet, but up to this point it has and I've added code to my compiler
+   that adds the appropriate headers etc and a batch file to assemble,
+   link and run the result.
+   [32]assembly [33]x86 [34]masm [35]68000 [36]addressing
+   [37]share|[38]improve this question
+   asked Aug 26 '13 at 15:26
+   [39]rpatel3001
+   2816
+     * You can't do that on x86 (you could on x64), there is just no way
+       to express an EIP-relative address. - [40]harold Aug 26 '13 at
+       15:41
+     * @harold Well, I'm working on a 64 bit machine so I might as well
+       make it easier for myself. What's the syntax for doing so, and what
+       changes would I have to make to the header? - [41]rpatel3001 Aug 26
+       '13 at 15:43
+     * I'm not sure, I don't really use MASM. Maybe [rel labelname]? Maybe
+       [rip + offset]? Don't forget the dword ptr-nonsense. If you're
+       outputting bytes instead of text, you'd output a ModRM byte where
+       the mod field is zero and the RM field is 5, and the offset is an
+       sdword after that. - [42]harold Aug 26 '13 at 15:50
+     * You could also just use absolute addressing of course (optionally
+       with relocation information). - [43]harold Aug 26 '13 at 15:59
+     * @harold but how would I access the variable using a name without
+       having declared it first? And doesn't (E/R)IP change based on what
+       instruction is being executed? - [44]rpatel3001 Aug 26 '13 at 16:50
+
+    |  [45]show 2 more comments
+
+2 Answers 2
+
+   [46]active [47]oldest [48]votes
+   up vote 4 down vote accepted
+
+   Here's a short overview over what a statically allocated global
+   variable (which is what this question is about) really is and what to
+   do about them.
+
+What is a variable anyway
+
+   To the machine, there is no such thing as a variable. It never hears
+   about them, it never cares about them, it just has no concept of them.
+   They're just a convention to assign a consistent meaning to a
+   particular location in RAM (in the case of virtual memory, a position
+   in your address space).
+
+   Where you actually put a variable, is sort of up to you - but within
+   reason. If you're going to write to it (and you probably are), it had
+   better be in a writable location, which means: the address of that
+   variable should fall within a memory area that is allocated and
+   writable. The .data section is just an other convention for that. You
+   don't have to call it that, you don't even need a separate section (you
+   could make your .text section writable and allocate your globals there,
+   if you really wanted), you could even use OS functions like
+   VirtualAllocEx (or equivalent) to allocate memory at a fixed position
+   and use that (but don't do that). It's up to you. But the .data section
+   is a convenient place to put them.
+
+   "Allocating" the variables is just a matter of choosing an address such
+   that the variable doesn't overlap with any other variable. That's not
+   hard, just lay them out sequentially: start a pointer var_ptr at the
+   beginning of wherever you're going to put them (so the VA of your .data
+   section, or 0 if you're using a linker), and then for every variable v:
+     * the location l of v is align(var_ptr,
+       round_up_to_power_of_2(sizeof(v)))
+     * set var_ptr to l + sizeof(v)
+
+   As a minor variation, you could skip the alignment (most compiler
+   textbooks do that, but in real life you should align). x86 usually lets
+   you get away with that.
+
+   As a bigger variation, you could try to "fill the holes" left by the
+   alignments. The simplest way to fill at least most holes is to just
+   sort the variables biggest-first (that fills all holes if all sizes are
+   powers of two). While that may save some space (though not necessarily
+   any, because sections are aligned themselves), it never saves much.
+   Under the usual alignment rules the "just lay them out
+   sequentially"-algorithm will, at worst, waste nearly half the space it
+   uses on holes. The pattern that leads to that is an alternating
+   sequence of the smallest type and the biggest type. And let's be
+   honest, that wouldn't really happen - and even if it did, that's not
+   all that bad.
+
+   Then, you have to make sure that the .data segment is big enough to
+   hold all variables, and that the initial contents match what the
+   variables were initialized with.
+
+   But you don't even have to do any of this. You can use variable
+   declarations in the assembly code (you know how to do this), and then
+   the assembler/linker (they typically both play a roll in this) will do
+   all of this for you (and, of course, it will also do the replacement of
+   variable names by variable addresses).
+
+How to use a variable
+
+   It depends. If you're using an assembler/linker, just refer to the
+   label that you gave the variable. The label, of course, does not have
+   to match the name in the source code, it can be any legal unique name
+   (for example, you could use the AST node ID of the declaration with an
+   underscore in front of it).
+
+   So loading a variable could look like this:
+mov eax, dword ptr [variablelabel]
+
+   Or, on x64, perhaps this
+mov eax, dword ptr [rel variablelabel]
+
+   Which would emit a rip-relative address. If you do that, you don't have
+   to care about the current value of RIP or where the variable is
+   allocated, the assembler/linker will take care of it. On x64, using a
+   RIP-relative address like that is common, for several reasons:
+     * it allows the .data segment to be somewhere that isn't the first
+       4GB (or 2GB) of address space, as long as it's close to the .text
+       segment
+     * it's shorter than an instruction with an absolute 64bit address
+     * there are only two instructions that even take an absolute 64bit
+       address, namely mov rax,[imm64] and mov [imm64],rax
+     * you get relocations for free
+
+   If you're not using an assembler and/or linker, it becomes (at least to
+   some extend) your own job to replace variable-names by whatever address
+   you allocated for them (if you're using a linker but no assembler,
+   you'd make relocation data but you wouldn't yourself decide on the
+   absolute addresses of variables).
+
+   When you're using absolute addresses, you can "put them in" in parallel
+   with emitting instructions (provided you've already allocated the
+   variables). When you're using RIP-relative addresses, you can only put
+   them in once you decide where the code will be (so you'd emit code
+   where the offsets are 0, do some bookkeeping, decide where the code
+   will be, then you go back and replace the 0's by the real offsets),
+   which is a non-trivial problem in itself unless you use a naive way and
+   don't care about branch-size-optimization (in that case you know the
+   address of an instruction at the time you emit it, and therefore what
+   the offset of a variable relative to RIP would be). A RIP-relative
+   offset is easy enough to calculate, just subtract the RIP of the
+   position immediately after the current instruction from the VA (virtual
+   address) of the variable.
+
+But that's not all
+
+   You may want to make some variables non-writable, to the point that any
+   attempt to write to them in "funny ways that the compile can't detect"
+   will fail. That can be accomplished by putting them in a read-only
+   section, typically called .rdata (but the name is irrelevant really,
+   what matters is whether the "writable" flag of the section is set in
+   the PE header). This isn't done often, though it is sometimes used for
+   string or array constants (which aren't properly variables).
+
+   What is done regularly, is putting zero-initialized variables in their
+   own section, a section that takes no space in the executable file but
+   is instead simply zeroed out. Putting zero-initialized variables may
+   save some space in the executable. This section is commonly called .bss
+   (not short for bullsh*t section), but as always, the name is
+   irrelevant.
+
+More
+
+   Most compiler textbooks deal with this subject to varying amounts,
+   though usually not in much detail, because when you get right down to
+   it: static variables aren't hard. Certainly not compared most other
+   aspects of compilations. Also, some aspects are very platform specific,
+   such as the details around the sections and how things actually end up
+   in an executable.
+
+   Some sources/useful things (I've found all of these useful while
+   working on compilers):
+     * [49]PE101
+     * [50]PE In Depth
+     * [51]PE Explorer
+     * [52]CFF Explorer
+     * [53]Intel Manuals
+
+   [54]share|[55]improve this answer
+   answered Aug 26 '13 at 20:00
+   [56]harold
+   39k354106
+     * Wow thanks for writing all that up. So, no matter how I access the
+       memory, I have to declare that much space being used in .data
+       (being new to the whole assembly thing I don't quite understand
+       how/where you would set read/writability of a section)? Since
+       there's no way to do it the (easier) 68k way, I'll probably end up
+       adding the variable to .data. - [57]rpatel3001 Aug 27 '13 at 2:19
+
+   add a comment |
+   up vote 3 down vote
+
+   Many processors support PC-Relative or Absolute addressing.
+
+   On X86 machines however there is the following restriction:
+     * Jumps and Calls are always PC-Relative (unless register-based)
+     * Other adresses are always Absolute (unless register-based)
+
+   C compilers that can do PC-Relative addressing will implement this the
+   following way:
+  CALL x
+x:
+  ; Now address "x" is on the stack
+  POP EDI
+  ; Now EDI contains address of "x"
+  ; Now we can do (pseudo-)PC-Relative addressing:
+  MOV EAX,[EDI+1234]
+
+   This is used if the address of the code in the memory is not known
+   during compile/linking time (e.g. for dynmaic libraries (DLLs) under
+   Linux) so the address of a variable (here located at address "x+1234")
+   is not known, yet.
+   [58]share|[59]improve this answer
+   answered Aug 26 '13 at 15:54
+   [60]Martin Rosenau
+   7,3591720
+     * So to use variables by name, I'd have to add a label corresponding
+       to the name of each, and do the call/pop/mov everytime I want to
+       access it? And what determines the offset from EDI to use?
+       - [61]rpatel3001 Aug 26 '13 at 16:54
+     * The x86 doesn't have relative addressing in the 32-bit mode, but it
+       does in 64-bit mode. See [62]wiki.osdev.org/... - [63]ataylor Sep 1
+       '16 at 21:59
+
+   add a comment |
+
+Your Answer
+
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+
+   Visible links:
+   1. https://stackoverflow.com/opensearch.xml
+   2. https://stackoverflow.com/feeds/question/18447627
+   3. https://stackoverflow.com/
+   4. https://stackoverflow.com/users/login?ssrc=head&returnurl=https%3a%2f%2fstackoverflow.com%2fquestions%2f18447627%2fwhat-is-pc-relative-addressing-and-how-can-i-use-it-in-masm
+   5. https://stackoverflow.com/users/signup?ssrc=head&returnurl=%2fusers%2fstory%2fcurrent
+   6. https://stackoverflow.com/
+   7. https://stackoverflow.com/help
+   8. https://chat.stackoverflow.com/
+   9. https://stackoverflow.com/users/signup?ssrc=site_switcher&returnurl=%2fusers%2fstory%2fcurrent
+  10. https://stackoverflow.com/users/login?ssrc=site_switcher&returnurl=https%3a%2f%2fstackoverflow.com%2fquestions%2f18447627%2fwhat-is-pc-relative-addressing-and-how-can-i-use-it-in-masm
+  11. https://stackexchange.com/sites
+  12. https://stackoverflow.blog/
+  13. https://stackoverflow.com/tour
+  14. https://stackoverflow.com/help
+  15. https://meta.stackoverflow.com/
+  16. https://stackoverflow.com/company/about
+  17. https://www.stackoverflowbusiness.com/?ref=topbar_help
+  18. https://stackoverflow.com/legal/cookie-policy
+  19. https://stackoverflow.com/legal/privacy-policy
+  20. https://stackoverflow.com/legal/terms-of-service/public
+  21. https://stackoverflow.com/conduct
+  22. https://stackoverflow.com/users/signup?ssrc=hero&returnurl=https%3a%2f%2fstackoverflow.com%2fquestions%2f18447627%2fwhat-is-pc-relative-addressing-and-how-can-i-use-it-in-masm
+  23. https://stackoverflow.com/
+  24. https://stackoverflow.com/questions
+  25. https://stackoverflow.com/tags
+  26. https://stackoverflow.com/users
+  27. https://stackoverflow.com/jobs?med=site-ui&ref=jobs-tab
+  28. https://stackoverflow.com/teams
+  29. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18447627/what-is-pc-relative-addressing-and-how-can-i-use-it-in-masm
+  30. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/ask
+  31. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18447627/what-is-pc-relative-addressing-and-how-can-i-use-it-in-masm
+  32. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/assembly
+  33. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/x86
+  34. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/masm
+  35. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/68000
+  36. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/addressing
+  37. https://stackoverflow.com/q/18447627
+  38. https://stackoverflow.com/posts/18447627/edit
+  39. https://stackoverflow.com/users/2708313/rpatel3001
+  40. https://stackoverflow.com/users/555045/harold
+  41. https://stackoverflow.com/users/2708313/rpatel3001
+  42. https://stackoverflow.com/users/555045/harold
+  43. https://stackoverflow.com/users/555045/harold
+  44. https://stackoverflow.com/users/2708313/rpatel3001
+  45. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18447627/what-is-pc-relative-addressing-and-how-can-i-use-it-in-masm
+  46. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18447627/what-is-pc-relative-addressing-and-how-can-i-use-it-in-masm?answertab=active#tab-top
+  47. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18447627/what-is-pc-relative-addressing-and-how-can-i-use-it-in-masm?answertab=oldest#tab-top
+  48. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18447627/what-is-pc-relative-addressing-and-how-can-i-use-it-in-masm?answertab=votes#tab-top
+  49. http://code.google.com/p/corkami/wiki/PE101
+  50. http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/cc301805.aspx
+  51. http://www.heaventools.com/overview.htm
+  52. http://www.ntcore.com/exsuite.php
+  53. http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/processors/architectures-software-developer-manuals.html?wapkw=%28Intel%20Architecture%20Software%20Developer%E2%80%99s%20Manual%2991
+  54. https://stackoverflow.com/a/18452082
+  55. https://stackoverflow.com/posts/18452082/edit
+  56. https://stackoverflow.com/users/555045/harold
+  57. https://stackoverflow.com/users/2708313/rpatel3001
+  58. https://stackoverflow.com/a/18448109
+  59. https://stackoverflow.com/posts/18448109/edit
+  60. https://stackoverflow.com/users/2705055/martin-rosenau
+  61. https://stackoverflow.com/users/2708313/rpatel3001
+  62. http://wiki.osdev.org/X86-64_Instruction_Encoding#RIP.2FEIP-relative_addressing
+  63. https://stackoverflow.com/users/190201/ataylor
+  64. https://stackoverflow.com/users/login?ssrc=question_page&returnurl=https%3a%2f%2fstackoverflow.com%2fquestions%2f18447627%2fwhat-is-pc-relative-addressing-and-how-can-i-use-it-in-masm%23new-answer
+  65. https://stackoverflow.com/legal/terms-of-service/public
+  66. https://stackoverflow.com/legal/privacy-policy
+  67. https://stackoverflow.com/legal/cookie-policy
+  68. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/assembly
+  69. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/x86
+  70. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/masm
+  71. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/68000
+  72. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/addressing
+  73. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/ask
+  74. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18447627/what-is-pc-relative-addressing-and-how-can-i-use-it-in-masm?lastactivity
+  75. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/40841057/lambdas-as-closures-taking-environment-the-crucial-role-of-rip-register?noredirect=1
+  76. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4903906/assembly-using-the-data-segment-register-ds
+  77. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8389648/how-do-i-achieve-the-theoretical-maximum-of-4-flops-per-cycle
+  78. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11497966/assembly-bubble-sort-swap
+  79. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/12339972/using-rip-relative-addressing-in-osx-x64-assembly
+  80. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/13218552/incorrect-output-to-fibonacci-series-in-masm
+  81. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18424714/masm-error-a2088-but-only-when-assembled-from-within-java
+  82. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/21324087/what-c-code-would-compile-to-something-like-call-eax
+  83. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/25078285/replacing-a-32-bit-loop-counter-with-64-bit-introduces-crazy-performance-deviati
+  84. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/35904895/masm-mov-from-to-immediate-memory-address
+  85. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/50058523/how-to-write-an-absolute-target-for-a-near-direct-relative-call-jmp-in-masm
+  86. https://stackexchange.com/questions?tab=hot
+  87. https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/462663/purpose-of-n-ps1-in-bashrc
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+  89. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/51864157/why-are-escape-characters-not-working-when-i-read-from-cin
+  90. https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/191460/why-did-i-have-to-wave-my-hand-in-front-of-my-id-card
+  91. https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2884063/does-this-triangle-area-theorem-have-a-name
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+  93. https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/54337/why-are-airlines-so-concerned-with-checked-baggage-weight
+  94. https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/362284/what-is-the-need-of-assumptions-in-linear-regression
+  95. https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/176416/is-spaced-by-1-meter-correct-english
+  96. https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/42008/is-this-news-article-from-1912-essentially-explaining-climate-change-real
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+ 100. https://salesforce.stackexchange.com/questions/229056/is-it-possible-to-use-the-result-of-callout1-in-callout2
+ 101. https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/117560/how-to-handle-colleagues-who-are-unwilling-to-write-a-bug-report
+ 102. https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/460338/what-is-a-person-being-envied-called
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+ 104. https://parenting.stackexchange.com/questions/34647/kid-throwing-ice-cream-cone-back-to-the-vendor
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+ 106. https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/192898/how-would-schools-that-take-in-multiple-nationalities-address-the-language-barri
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+ 112. https://stackoverflow.com/feeds/question/18447627
+ 113. https://stackoverflow.com/
+ 114. https://stackoverflow.com/questions
+ 115. https://stackoverflow.com/jobs
+ 116. https://stackoverflow.com/jobs/directory/developer-jobs
+ 117. https://stackoverflow.com/jobs/salary
+ 118. https://stackoverflow.com/help
+ 119. https://www.stackoverflowbusiness.com/
+ 120. https://stackoverflow.com/teams
+ 121. https://www.stackoverflowbusiness.com/talent
+ 122. https://www.stackoverflowbusiness.com/advertise
+ 123. https://stackoverflow.com/enterprise
+ 124. https://stackoverflow.com/company/about
+ 125. https://stackoverflow.com/company/about
+ 126. https://stackoverflow.com/company/press
+ 127. https://stackoverflow.com/company/work-here
+ 128. https://stackoverflow.com/legal
+ 129. https://stackoverflow.com/legal/privacy-policy
+ 130. https://stackoverflow.com/company/contact
+ 131. https://stackexchange.com/
+ 132. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18447627/what-is-pc-relative-addressing-and-how-can-i-use-it-in-masm
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+ 136. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18447627/what-is-pc-relative-addressing-and-how-can-i-use-it-in-masm
+ 137. https://stackoverflow.com/
+ 138. https://serverfault.com/
+ 139. https://superuser.com/
+ 140. https://webapps.stackexchange.com/
+ 141. https://askubuntu.com/
+ 142. https://webmasters.stackexchange.com/
+ 143. https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/
+ 144. https://tex.stackexchange.com/
+ 145. https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/
+ 146. https://unix.stackexchange.com/
+ 147. https://apple.stackexchange.com/
+ 148. https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/
+ 149. https://gis.stackexchange.com/
+ 150. https://electronics.stackexchange.com/
+ 151. https://android.stackexchange.com/
+ 152. https://security.stackexchange.com/
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+ 157. https://mathematica.stackexchange.com/
+ 158. https://salesforce.stackexchange.com/
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+ 161. https://blender.stackexchange.com/
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+ 163. https://crypto.stackexchange.com/
+ 164. https://codereview.stackexchange.com/
+ 165. https://magento.stackexchange.com/
+ 166. https://softwarerecs.stackexchange.com/
+ 167. https://dsp.stackexchange.com/
+ 168. https://emacs.stackexchange.com/
+ 169. https://raspberrypi.stackexchange.com/
+ 170. https://ru.stackoverflow.com/
+ 171. https://codegolf.stackexchange.com/
+ 172. https://es.stackoverflow.com/
+ 173. https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/
+ 174. https://datascience.stackexchange.com/
+ 175. https://arduino.stackexchange.com/
+ 176. https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/
+ 177. https://stackexchange.com/sites#technology
+ 178. https://photo.stackexchange.com/
+ 179. https://scifi.stackexchange.com/
+ 180. https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/
+ 181. https://movies.stackexchange.com/
+ 182. https://music.stackexchange.com/
+ 183. https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/
+ 184. https://cooking.stackexchange.com/
+ 185. https://diy.stackexchange.com/
+ 186. https://money.stackexchange.com/
+ 187. https://academia.stackexchange.com/
+ 188. https://law.stackexchange.com/
+ 189. https://stackexchange.com/sites#lifearts
+ 190. https://english.stackexchange.com/
+ 191. https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/
+ 192. https://judaism.stackexchange.com/
+ 193. https://travel.stackexchange.com/
+ 194. https://christianity.stackexchange.com/
+ 195. https://ell.stackexchange.com/
+ 196. https://japanese.stackexchange.com/
+ 197. https://gaming.stackexchange.com/
+ 198. https://bicycles.stackexchange.com/
+ 199. https://rpg.stackexchange.com/
+ 200. https://anime.stackexchange.com/
+ 201. https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/
+ 202. https://mechanics.stackexchange.com/
+ 203. https://stackexchange.com/sites#culturerecreation
+ 204. https://mathoverflow.net/
+ 205. https://math.stackexchange.com/
+ 206. https://stats.stackexchange.com/
+ 207. https://cstheory.stackexchange.com/
+ 208. https://physics.stackexchange.com/
+ 209. https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/
+ 210. https://biology.stackexchange.com/
+ 211. https://cs.stackexchange.com/
+ 212. https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/
+ 213. https://stackexchange.com/sites#science
+ 214. https://meta.stackexchange.com/
+ 215. https://stackapps.com/
+ 216. https://api.stackexchange.com/
+ 217. https://data.stackexchange.com/
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+ 219. https://stackoverflow.blog/?blb=1
+ 220. https://www.facebook.com/officialstackoverflow/
+ 221. https://twitter.com/stackoverflow
+ 222. https://linkedin.com/company/stack-overflow
+ 223. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
+ 224. https://stackoverflow.blog/2009/06/25/attribution-required/
+
+   Hidden links:
+ 226. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18447627/what-is-pc-relative-addressing-and-how-can-i-use-it-in-masm
+ 227. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18447627/what-is-pc-relative-addressing-and-how-can-i-use-it-in-masm
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+ 235. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18447627/what-is-pc-relative-addressing-and-how-can-i-use-it-in-masm
+ 236. https://stackoverflow.com/users/2708313/rpatel3001
+ 237. https://stackoverflow.com/users/555045/harold
+ 238. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18447627/what-is-pc-relative-addressing-and-how-can-i-use-it-in-masm
+ 239. https://stackoverflow.com/users/2705055/martin-rosenau
+ 240. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18447627/what-is-pc-relative-addressing-and-how-can-i-use-it-in-masm
+ 241. https://stackoverflow.com/q/40841057
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diff --git a/crenshaw/docs/tutor3-wp_examples_relative.txt b/crenshaw/docs/tutor3-wp_examples_relative.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f460040
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crenshaw/docs/tutor3-wp_examples_relative.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,391 @@
+   ____________________
+
+                                     Apollo
+
+   The evolution of the Greek sculpture can be observed in his depictions
+   from the almost static formal Kouros type in early archaic period, to
+   the representation of motion in a relative harmonious whole in late
+   archaic period. [1]mehr
+
+                                    Andorra
+
+   Given its relative isolation, Andorra has existed outside the
+   mainstream of European history, with few ties to countries other than
+   France, Spain and Portugal. [2]mehr
+
+                                    Andorra
+
+   Andorra's relative advantage has recently eroded as the economies of
+   adjoining France and Spain have been opened up, providing broader
+   availability of goods and lower tariffs. [3]mehr
+
+                                     Alaska
+
+   Because of its population relative to other U.S. [4]mehr
+
+                                     Alkane
+
+   The time taken for an ethane molecule to pass from one staggered
+   conformation to the next, equivalent to the rotation of one CH[3]-group
+   by 120° relative to the other, is of the order of 10^-11 seconds.
+   [5]mehr
+
+                                     Alkane
+
+   The fragmentation pattern can be difficult to interpret, but, in the
+   case of branched chain alkanes, the carbon chain is preferentially
+   cleaved at tertiary or quaternary carbons due to the relative stability
+   of the resulting free radicals. [6]mehr
+
+                                    Alphabet
+
+   In the Pollard script, an abugida, vowels are indicated by diacritics,
+   but the placement of the diacritic relative to the consonant is
+   modified to indicate the tone. [7]mehr
+
+                                 Atomic number
+
+   Since protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass (and the
+   mass of the electrons is negligible for many purposes) and the mass
+   defect of nucleon binding is always small compared to the nucleon mass,
+   the atomic mass of any atom, when expressed in unified atomic mass
+   units (making a quantity called the "relative isotopic mass"), is
+   roughly (to within 1%) equal to the whole number "A". [8]mehr
+
+                                 Atomic number
+
+   A little more than three-quarters of naturally occurring elements exist
+   as a mixture of isotopes (see monoisotopic elements), and the average
+   isotopic mass of an isotopic mixture for an element (called the
+   relative atomic mass) in a defined environment on Earth, determines the
+   element's standard atomic weight. [9]mehr
+
+                                     Aruba
+
+   As part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, citizens of (mainland) the
+   Netherlands can travel with relative ease to Aruba and other islands of
+   the Dutch Antilles. [10]mehr
+
+                                    Albania
+
+   With its coastline facing the Adriatic and Ionian seas, its highlands
+   backed upon the elevated Balkan landmass, and the entire country lying
+   at a latitude subject to a variety of weather patterns during the
+   winter and summer seasons, Albania has a high number of climatic
+   regions relative to its landmass. [11]mehr
+
+                                    Albania
+
+   Likewise, Albanian has taken the old relative "jos" and innovatively
+   used it exclusively to qualify adjectives, much in the way Balto-Slavic
+   has used this word to provide the definite ending of adjectives.
+   [12]mehr
+
+                                   Algorithm
+
+   This means that the programmer must know a "language" that is effective
+   relative to the target computing agent (computer/computor). [13]mehr
+
+                                   Algorithm
+
+   There is a wide variety: some algorithms complete in linear time
+   relative to input size, some do so in an exponential amount of time or
+   even worse, and some never halt. [14]mehr
+
+                                   Allocution
+
+   Do you have anything to say as to why the sentence of this Court should
+   not now be passed upon you?" The defense counsel will then make a "plea
+   in mitigation" (also called "submissions on penalty") in an attempt to
+   mitigate the relative seriousness of the offense and heavily refer to
+   and rely upon the defendant's previous good character and good works
+   (if any). [15]mehr
+
+                                 Ancient Egypt
+
+   Egyptian civilization coalesced around 3150 BC (according to
+   conventional Egyptian chronology) The history of ancient Egypt occurred
+   in a series of stable Kingdoms, separated by periods of relative
+   instability known as Intermediate Periods: the Old Kingdom of the Early
+   Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New
+   Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age. [16]mehr
+
+                                    Abugida
+
+   The Pollard script, which was based on shorthand, also uses diacritics
+   for vowels; the placements of the vowel relative to the consonant
+   indicates tone. [17]mehr
+
+                                      ABBA
+
+   To escape the media swirl and concentrate on their writing, Andersson
+   and Ulvaeus secretly travelled to Compass Point Studios in Nassau,
+   Bahamas, where for two weeks they prepared their next album's songs in
+   relative quiet. [18]mehr
+
+                                 August Derleth
+
+   A close literary relative of the "Sac Prairie Saga" was Derleth's
+   "Wisconsin Saga", which comprises several historical novels. [19]mehr
+
+                      Algorithms for calculating variance
+
+   This is particularly bad if the standard deviation is small relative to
+   the mean. [20]mehr
+
+                        Politics of Antigua and Barbuda
+
+   There are special legislative provisions to account for Barbuda's low
+   population relative to that of Antigua. [21]mehr
+
+                                    Adelaide
+
+   Adelaide enjoyed a post-war boom, entering a time of relative
+   prosperity. [22]mehr
+
+                                    Adelaide
+
+   A relative lack of suitable locally available timber for construction
+   purposes led to the early development of a brick-making industry, as
+   well as the use of stone, for houses and other buildings. [23]mehr
+
+                                   Accordion
+
+   Sarah Kiener, the former hurdy-gurdy player for the Swiss
+   melodic-death/folk metal band Eluveitie, played a Helvetic accordion
+   known as a "zugerörgeli", which could be a distant relative (in one way
+   or another) to the Swiss schwyzerörgeli, as both are indigenous to and
+   very rare outside of Switzerland. [24]mehr
+
+                                     Athena
+
+   Apart from her attributes, there seems to be a relative consensus in
+   late sculpture from the Classical period, the 5th century onward, as to
+   what Athena looked like. [25]mehr
+
+                                     Angle
+
+   Pairwise these angles are named according to their location relative to
+   each other. [26]mehr
+
+                                     Angle
+
+   In some contexts, such as identifying a point on a circle or describing
+   the "orientation" of an object in two dimensions relative to a
+   reference orientation, angles that differ by an exact multiple of a
+   full turn are effectively equivalent. In other contexts, such as
+   identifying a point on a spiral curve or describing the "cumulative
+   rotation" of an object in two dimensions relative to a reference
+   orientation, angles that differ by a non-zero multiple of a full turn
+   are not equivalent. [27]mehr
+
+                                     Angle
+
+   Although the definition of the measurement of an angle does not support
+   the concept of a negative angle, it is frequently useful to impose a
+   convention that allows positive and negative angular values to
+   represent orientations and/or rotations in opposite directions relative
+   to some reference. [28]mehr
+
+                                     Angle
+
+   In three-dimensional geometry, "clockwise" and "anticlockwise" have no
+   absolute meaning, so the direction of positive and negative angles must
+   be defined relative to some reference, which is typically a vector
+   passing through the angle's vertex and perpendicular to the plane in
+   which the rays of the angle lie. [29]mehr
+
+                                     Angle
+
+   In navigation, bearings are measured relative to north. [30]mehr
+
+                               Alternate history
+
+   In any case, even if it is true that every possible outcome occurs in
+   some world, it can still be argued that traits such as bravery and
+   intelligence might still affect the relative frequency of worlds in
+   which better or worse outcomes occurred (even if the total number of
+   worlds with each type of outcome is infinite, it is still possible to
+   assign a different measure to different infinite sets). What you do for
+   the better increases the portion of the multiverse where good things
+   happen." This view is perhaps somewhat too abstract to be explored
+   directly in science fiction stories, but a few writers have tried, such
+   as Greg Egan in his short story "The Infinite Assassin", where an agent
+   is trying to contain reality-scrambling "whirlpools" that form around
+   users of a certain drug, and the agent is constantly trying to maximize
+   the consistency of behavior among his alternate selves, attempting to
+   compensate for events and thoughts he experiences but he guesses are of
+   low measure relative to those experienced by most of his other selves.
+   [31]mehr
+
+                                 Atomic orbital
+
+   This relativistic increase in momentum for high speed electrons causes
+   a corresponding decrease in wavelength and contraction of 6s orbitals
+   relative to 5d orbitals (by comparison to corresponding s and d
+   electrons in lighter elements in the same column of the periodic
+   table); this results in 6s valence electrons becoming lowered in
+   energy. [32]mehr
+
+                               Astronomical unit
+
+   Neither "G" nor can be measured to high accuracy in SI units, but the
+   value of their product is known very precisely from observing the
+   relative positions of planets (Kepler's Third Law expressed in terms of
+   Newtonian gravitation). [33]mehr
+
+                                   Anisotropy
+
+   An "anisotropic liquid" has the fluidity of a normal liquid, but has an
+   average structural order relative to each other along the molecular
+   axis, unlike water or chloroform, which contain no structural ordering
+   of the molecules. [34]mehr
+
+                                  Alpha decay
+
+   The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of alpha radiation is
+   higher than that of beta or gamma radiation. [35]mehr
+
+                                Extreme poverty
+
+   For example, when used to measure headcount ratio (i.e. the percentage
+   of people living below the line), the $1.25/day line is unable to
+   capture other important measures such as depth of poverty, relative
+   poverty and how people view their own financial situation (known as the
+   "socially subjective poverty line"). [36]mehr
+
+                                    Augustus
+
+   The reign of Augustus initiated an era of relative peace known as the
+   "Pax Romana" ("The Roman Peace"). [37]mehr
+
+                            Geography of Antarctica
+
+   Western Antarctica and Eastern Antarctica correspond roughly to the
+   eastern and western hemispheres relative to the Greenwich meridian.
+   [38]mehr
+
+                                   Allosaurus
+
+   Relative to the large and powerful hindlimbs, its three-fingered
+   forelimbs were small, and the body was balanced by a long and heavily
+   muscled tail. [39]mehr
+
+                                    Ammonia
+
+   The relative intensity of the ammonia lines can be used to measure the
+   temperature of the emitting medium. [40]mehr
+
+                                 Albertosaurus
+
+   Although relatively large for a theropod, "Albertosaurus" was much
+   smaller than its more famous relative "Tyrannosaurus", probably
+   weighing less than 2 metric tons. [41]mehr
+
+                               Assembly language
+
+   There have always been debates over the usefulness and performance of
+   assembly language relative to high-level languages. [42]mehr
+
+                               Assembly language
+
+   The second column is the relative address, in hex, of where the code
+   will be placed in memory. [43]mehr
+
+                                   Alabaster
+
+   The two kinds are distinguished from each other readily by differences
+   in their relative hardness. [44]mehr
+
+                                 Amazing Grace
+
+   It debuted in print in 1779 in Newton and Cowper's "Olney Hymns" but
+   settled into relative obscurity in England. [45]mehr
+
+                                     Amide
+
+   This relative lack of basicity is explained by the electron-withdrawing
+   nature of the carbonyl group where the lone pair of electrons on the
+   nitrogen is delocalized by resonance. [46]mehr
+
+                              Agrippina the Elder
+
+   Agrippina was the wife of the general and statesman Germanicus and a
+   relative to the first Roman Emperors. [47]mehr
+
+                              Agrippina the Elder
+
+   Haterius Agrippa (cos. CE 22, called a relative of Germanicus by Tac.
+   "Ann." 2.49). [48]mehr
+
+                          Ealdred (archbishop of York)
+
+   Ealdred supported Harold as king, but when Harold was defeated at the
+   Battle of Hastings, Ealdred backed Edgar the Ætheling and then endorsed
+   King William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy and a distant relative
+   of King Edward's. [49]mehr
+
+                            Alexander III of Russia
+
+   Alexander and his wife regularly spent their summers at Langinkoski
+   manor near Kotka on the Finnish coast, where their children were
+   immersed in a Scandinavian lifestyle of relative modesty. [50]mehr
+
+                        [51]Textbeispiele für relative, aus Wikipedia (en)
+
+                                    50 Ergebnisse, [52]Ladezeit: 15.4 msec
+
+References
+
+   1. javascript:;
+   2. javascript:;
+   3. javascript:;
+   4. javascript:;
+   5. javascript:;
+   6. javascript:;
+   7. javascript:;
+   8. javascript:;
+   9. javascript:;
+  10. javascript:;
+  11. javascript:;
+  12. javascript:;
+  13. javascript:;
+  14. javascript:;
+  15. javascript:;
+  16. javascript:;
+  17. javascript:;
+  18. javascript:;
+  19. javascript:;
+  20. javascript:;
+  21. javascript:;
+  22. javascript:;
+  23. javascript:;
+  24. javascript:;
+  25. javascript:;
+  26. javascript:;
+  27. javascript:;
+  28. javascript:;
+  29. javascript:;
+  30. javascript:;
+  31. javascript:;
+  32. javascript:;
+  33. javascript:;
+  34. javascript:;
+  35. javascript:;
+  36. javascript:;
+  37. javascript:;
+  38. javascript:;
+  39. javascript:;
+  40. javascript:;
+  41. javascript:;
+  42. javascript:;
+  43. javascript:;
+  44. javascript:;
+  45. javascript:;
+  46. javascript:;
+  47. javascript:;
+  48. javascript:;
+  49. javascript:;
+  50. javascript:;
+  51. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=relative
+  52. javascript:location.reload()
diff --git a/crenshaw/emul.c b/crenshaw/emul.c
index c17e48b..8a0b79c 100644
--- a/crenshaw/emul.c
+++ b/crenshaw/emul.c
@@ -136,6 +136,8 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
 
 		printf( "-- iteration %d\n", iteration );
 		iteration++;
+
+		printf( "%04X: ", address );
 		
 		if( !cs_disasm_iter( cs, (const uint8_t **)&code, &code_size, &address, instr ) ) {
 			fprintf( stderr, "ERROR: failed to call cs_disasm_iter( ): %s\n", cs_strerror( cs_errno( cs ) ) );		
@@ -144,9 +146,11 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
 			exit( EXIT_FAILURE );
 		}
 		
-		printf( "%04X: ", address );
 		for( int i = 0; i < instr->size; i++ ) {
-			printf( "%02X ", instr->bytes[i] );
+			printf( "%02X", instr->bytes[i] );
+		}
+		for( int i = ( 16 - instr->size ) *2; i > 0; i-- ) {
+			printf( " " );
 		}
 				
 		printf( " %s\t\t%s\n", instr->mnemonic, instr->op_str );
diff --git a/crenshaw/main.pas b/crenshaw/main.pas
index 654d547..74999f1 100644
--- a/crenshaw/main.pas
+++ b/crenshaw/main.pas
@@ -79,39 +79,58 @@ end;
 
 procedure Expression; Forward;
 
+type
+	symbolType = ( variableType = 1, functionType = 2 );
+	
 var
-	nof_names : integer;
-	names : array[0..26] of char;
+	nof_symbols : integer;
+	symbols : array[0..26] of record
+		name : char;
+		sym_type : symbolType;
+	end;
 
-procedure RememberName(name : char);
+procedure RememberName(name : char; sym_type : symbolType);
 var
 	i : integer;
 	found : boolean;
 begin
 	found := false;
-	for i := 0 to nof_names do begin
-		if names[i] = name then
+	for i := 0 to nof_symbols do begin
+		if symbols[i].name = name then
 			found := true;
 	end;
-	if i = 26 then Abort('Table of variable names overflowed');
+	if i = 26 then Abort('Table of variable symbols overflowed');
 	if not found then begin
-		names[nof_names] := name;
-		inc(nof_names);
+		symbols[nof_symbols].name := name;
+		symbols[nof_symbols].sym_type := sym_type;
+		inc(nof_symbols);
 	end;
 end;
 
-procedure Factor;
+procedure Ident;
 var name : char;
 begin
+	name := GetName;
 	if Look = '(' then begin
 		Match('(');
-		Expression;
 		Match(')');
-	end else if IsAlpha(Look) then begin
-		name := GetName;
-		RememberName(name);
+		RememberName(name, functionType);
+		EmitLn('call ' + name);
+	end else begin
+		RememberName(name, variableType);
 		EmitLn('mov eax, [' + name + ']');
-	end else
+	end;
+end;
+
+procedure Factor;
+begin
+	if Look = '(' then begin
+		Match('(');
+		Expression;
+		Match(')');
+	end else if IsAlpha(Look) then
+		Ident
+	else
 		EmitLn('mov eax, ' + GetNum);
 end;
 
@@ -182,7 +201,7 @@ end;
 
 procedure Init;
 begin
-	nof_names := 0;
+	nof_symbols := 0;
 	GetChar;
 end;
 
@@ -202,9 +221,16 @@ end;
 procedure Variables;
 var i : integer;
 begin
-	for i := 0 to nof_names-1 do begin
-		EmitLabel(names[i]);
-		EmitLn('dw 0');
+	for i := 0 to nof_symbols-1 do begin
+		EmitLabel(symbols[i].name);
+		case symbols[i].sym_type of
+			VariableType: begin
+				EmitLn('dw 0');
+				end;
+			FunctionType: begin
+				EmitLn('ret');
+				end;
+		end;
 	end;
 end;
 
diff --git a/crenshaw/test.prog b/crenshaw/test.prog
index 339791d..880418a 100644
--- a/crenshaw/test.prog
+++ b/crenshaw/test.prog
@@ -1 +1 @@
-(4+4)*3/2-3+a-b
+(4+4)*3/2-3+a-b*f()