diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'miniany/doc/zserge.com_blog_cucu-part3.html')
| -rw-r--r-- | miniany/doc/zserge.com_blog_cucu-part3.html | 496 |
1 files changed, 496 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/miniany/doc/zserge.com_blog_cucu-part3.html b/miniany/doc/zserge.com_blog_cucu-part3.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..89bb2bc --- /dev/null +++ b/miniany/doc/zserge.com_blog_cucu-part3.html @@ -0,0 +1,496 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en-US"> + <head><script src="//archive.org/includes/analytics.js?v=cf34f82" type="text/javascript"></script> +<script type="text/javascript">window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',function(){var v=archive_analytics.values;v.service='wb';v.server_name='wwwb-app221.us.archive.org';v.server_ms=291;archive_analytics.send_pageview({});});</script> +<script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=t1Bf4PY_" charset="utf-8"></script> +<script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> +<script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> +<script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/ruffle.js"></script> +<script type="text/javascript"> + __wm.init("http://web.archive.org/web"); + __wm.wombat("http://zserge.com:80/blog/cucu-part3.html","20160511234108","http://web.archive.org/","web","https://web-static.archive.org/_static/", + "1463010068"); +</script> +<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> +<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=qtvMKcIJ" /> +<!-- End Wayback Rewrite JS Include --> + + <meta charset="UTF-8"/> + <title>cucu: a compiler you can understand (3/3)</title> + <meta content="Compilers is fun. Want to write your own one?" name="description"/> + <meta content="Serge Zaitsev" name="author"/> + <meta content="IE=edge" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible"/> + <meta content="width=device-width" name="viewport"/> + <link href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160511234108/http://zserge.com/rss.xml" rel="alternate" title="RSS" type="application/rss+xml"/> + <link href="blog/cucu-part3.html" rel="canonical"/> <!-- OpenGraph data --> + <meta content="cucu: a compiler you can understand (3/3)" property="og:title"/> + <meta content="article" property="og:type"/> + <meta content="blog/cucu-part3.html" property="og:url"/> + <meta content="http://web.archive.org/web/20160511234108im_/http://zserge.com/logo.png" property="og:image"/> + <meta content="Compilers is fun. Want to write your own one?" property="og:description"/> + <meta content="en_US" property="og:locale"/> <!-- Twitter card data --> + <meta content="summary" name="twitter:card"/> + <meta content="@zsergo" name="twitter:site"/> <!-- Fonts --> + <link href="//web.archive.org/web/20160511234108cs_/http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Merriweather:900,900italic,300,300italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> + <link href="//web.archive.org/web/20160511234108cs_/http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto+Mono:100,200,300,400,400italic,700,700italic&subset=latin,latin-ext" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <!-- Styles --> + <link href="/web/20160511234108cs_/http://zserge.com/styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <!-- Favicons --> + <link href="/web/20160511234108im_/http://zserge.com/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon"/> + <link href="/web/20160511234108im_/http://zserge.com/favicon.128.png" rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed"/> + </head> + <body><!-- BEGIN WAYBACK TOOLBAR INSERT --> +<script>__wm.rw(0);</script> +<div id="wm-ipp-base" lang="en" style="display:none;direction:ltr;"> +<div id="wm-ipp" style="position:fixed;left:0;top:0;right:0;"> +<div id="donato" style="position:relative;width:100%;"> + <div id="donato-base"> + <iframe id="donato-if" src="https://archive.org/includes/donate.php?as_page=1&platform=wb&referer=http%3A//web.archive.org/web/20160511234108/http%3A//zserge.com/blog/cucu-part3.html" + scrolling="no" frameborder="0" style="width:100%; height:100%"> + </iframe> + </div> +</div><div id="wm-ipp-inside"> + <div id="wm-toolbar" style="position:relative;display:flex;flex-flow:row nowrap;justify-content:space-between;"> + <div id="wm-logo" style="/*width:110px;*/padding-top:12px;"> + <a href="/web/" title="Wayback Machine home page"><img src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/images/toolbar/wayback-toolbar-logo-200.png" srcset="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/images/toolbar/wayback-toolbar-logo-100.png, https://web-static.archive.org/_static/images/toolbar/wayback-toolbar-logo-150.png 1.5x, https://web-static.archive.org/_static/images/toolbar/wayback-toolbar-logo-200.png 2x" alt="Wayback Machine" style="width:100px" border="0" /></a> + </div> + <div class="c" style="display:flex;flex-flow:column nowrap;justify-content:space-between;flex:1;"> + <form class="u" style="display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:nowrap;" target="_top" method="get" action="/web/submit" name="wmtb" id="wmtb"><input type="text" name="url" id="wmtbURL" value="http://zserge.com/blog/cucu-part3.html" onfocus="this.focus();this.select();" style="flex:1;"/><input type="hidden" name="type" value="replay" /><input type="hidden" name="date" value="20160511234108" /><input type="submit" value="Go" /> + </form> + <div style="display:flex;flex-flow:row nowrap;align-items:flex-end;"> + <div class="s" id="wm-nav-captures" style="flex:1;"> + <a class="t" href="/web/20160511234108*/http://zserge.com/blog/cucu-part3.html" title="See a list of every capture for this URL">10 captures</a> + <div class="r" title="Timespan for captures of this URL">28 Oct 2012 - 09 Feb 2021</div> + </div> + <div class="k"> + <a href="" id="wm-graph-anchor"> + <div id="wm-ipp-sparkline" title="Explore captures for this URL" style="position: relative"> + <canvas id="wm-sparkline-canvas" width="725" height="27" border="0"></canvas> + </div> + </a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="n"> + <table> + <tbody> + <!-- NEXT/PREV MONTH NAV AND MONTH INDICATOR --> + <tr class="m"> + <td class="b" nowrap="nowrap"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160410041115/http://zserge.com:80/blog/cucu-part3.html" title="10 Apr 2016"><strong>Apr</strong></a></td> + <td class="c" id="displayMonthEl" title="You are here: 23:41:08 May 11, 2016">MAY</td> + <td class="f" nowrap="nowrap"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20210209112718/http://zserge.com/blog/cucu-part3.html" title="09 Feb 2021"><strong>Feb</strong></a></td> + </tr> + <!-- NEXT/PREV CAPTURE NAV AND DAY OF MONTH INDICATOR --> + <tr class="d"> + <td class="b" nowrap="nowrap"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160410041115/http://zserge.com:80/blog/cucu-part3.html" title="04:11:15 Apr 10, 2016"><img src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/images/toolbar/wm_tb_prv_on.png" alt="Previous capture" width="14" height="16" border="0" /></a></td> + <td class="c" id="displayDayEl" style="width:34px;font-size:22px;white-space:nowrap;" title="You are here: 23:41:08 May 11, 2016">11</td> + <td class="f" nowrap="nowrap"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20210209112718/http://zserge.com/blog/cucu-part3.html" title="11:27:18 Feb 09, 2021"><img src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/images/toolbar/wm_tb_nxt_on.png" alt="Next capture" width="14" height="16" border="0" /></a></td> + </tr> + <!-- NEXT/PREV YEAR NAV AND YEAR INDICATOR --> + <tr class="y"> + <td class="b" nowrap="nowrap"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20150404213154/http://zserge.com:80/blog/cucu-part3.html" title="04 Apr 2015"><strong>2015</strong></a></td> + <td class="c" id="displayYearEl" title="You are here: 23:41:08 May 11, 2016">2016</td> + <td class="f" nowrap="nowrap"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20210209112718/http://zserge.com/blog/cucu-part3.html" title="09 Feb 2021"><strong>2021</strong></a></td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <div class="r" style="display:flex;flex-flow:column nowrap;align-items:flex-end;justify-content:space-between;"> + <div id="wm-btns" style="text-align:right;height:23px;"> + <span class="xxs"> + <div id="wm-save-snapshot-success">success</div> + <div id="wm-save-snapshot-fail">fail</div> + <a id="wm-save-snapshot-open" href="#" title="Share via My Web Archive" > + <span class="iconochive-web"></span> + </a> + <a href="https://archive.org/account/login.php" title="Sign In" id="wm-sign-in"> + <span class="iconochive-person"></span> + </a> + <span id="wm-save-snapshot-in-progress" class="iconochive-web"></span> + </span> + <a class="xxs" href="http://faq.web.archive.org/" title="Get some help using the Wayback Machine" style="top:-6px;"><span class="iconochive-question" style="color:rgb(87,186,244);font-size:160%;"></span></a> + <a id="wm-tb-close" href="#close" style="top:-2px;" title="Close the toolbar"><span class="iconochive-remove-circle" style="color:#888888;font-size:240%;"></span></a> + </div> + <div id="wm-share" class="xxs"> + <a href="/web/20160511234108/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/http://zserge.com/blog/cucu-part3.html" + id="wm-screenshot" + title="screenshot"> + <span class="wm-icon-screen-shot"></span> + </a> + <a href="#" id="wm-video" title="video"> + <span class="iconochive-movies"></span> + </a> + <a id="wm-share-facebook" href="#" data-url="http://web.archive.org/web/20160511234108/http://zserge.com:80/blog/cucu-part3.html" title="Share on Facebook" style="margin-right:5px;" target="_blank"><span class="iconochive-facebook" style="color:#3b5998;font-size:160%;"></span></a> + <a id="wm-share-twitter" href="#" data-url="http://web.archive.org/web/20160511234108/http://zserge.com:80/blog/cucu-part3.html" title="Share on Twitter" style="margin-right:5px;" target="_blank"><span class="iconochive-twitter" style="color:#1dcaff;font-size:160%;"></span></a> + </div> + <div style="padding-right:2px;text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"> + <a id="wm-expand" class="wm-btn wm-closed" href="#expand" onclick="__wm.ex(event);return false;"><span id="wm-expand-icon" class="iconochive-down-solid"></span> <span class="xxs" style="font-size:80%;">About this capture</span></a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div id="wm-capinfo" style="border-top:1px solid #777;display:none; overflow: hidden"> + <div id="wm-capinfo-notice" source="api"></div> + <div id="wm-capinfo-collected-by"> + <div style="background-color:#666;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">COLLECTED BY</div> + <div style="padding:3px;position:relative" id="wm-collected-by-content"> + <div style="display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:50%;"> + <span class="c-logo" style="background-image:url(https://archive.org/services/img/alexacrawls);"></span> + Organization: <a style="color:#33f;" href="https://archive.org/details/alexacrawls" target="_new"><span class="wm-title">Alexa Crawls</span></a> + <div style="max-height:75px;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"> + <div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:75px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom,rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,0) 90%,rgba(255,255,255,255) 100%);"></div> + Starting in 1996, <a href="http://www.alexa.com/">Alexa Internet</a> has been donating their crawl data to the Internet Archive. Flowing in every day, these data are added to the <a href="http://web.archive.org/">Wayback Machine</a> after an embargo period. + </div> + </div> + <div style="display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:49%;"> + <span class="c-logo" style="background-image:url(https://archive.org/services/img/alexacrawls)"></span> + <div>Collection: <a style="color:#33f;" href="https://archive.org/details/alexacrawls" target="_new"><span class="wm-title">Alexa Crawls</span></a></div> + <div style="max-height:75px;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"> + <div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:75px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom,rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,0) 90%,rgba(255,255,255,255) 100%);"></div> + Starting in 1996, <a href="http://www.alexa.com/">Alexa Internet</a> has been donating their crawl data to the Internet Archive. Flowing in every day, these data are added to the <a href="http://web.archive.org/">Wayback Machine</a> after an embargo period. + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div id="wm-capinfo-timestamps"> + <div style="background-color:#666;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;text-align:center" title="Timestamps for the elements of this page">TIMESTAMPS</div> + <div> + <div id="wm-capresources" style="margin:0 5px 5px 5px;max-height:250px;overflow-y:scroll !important"></div> + <div id="wm-capresources-loading" style="text-align:left;margin:0 20px 5px 5px;display:none"><img src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/images/loading.gif" alt="loading" /></div> + </div> + </div> + </div></div></div></div><div id="wm-ipp-print">The Wayback Machine - http://web.archive.org/web/20160511234108/http://zserge.com:80/blog/cucu-part3.html</div> +<script type="text/javascript">//<![CDATA[ +__wm.bt(725,27,25,2,"web","http://zserge.com/blog/cucu-part3.html","20160511234108",1996,"https://web-static.archive.org/_static/",["https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt","https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=qtvMKcIJ"], false); + __wm.rw(1); +//]]></script> +<!-- END WAYBACK TOOLBAR INSERT --> + + <header> + <nav> + <a class="logo" href="/web/20160511234108/http://zserge.com/">Z</a> + </nav> + <div class="empty"></div> + <nav> + <section> + <a href="/web/20160511234108/http://zserge.com/about.html">about</a> + <a href="/web/20160511234108/http://zserge.com/blog.html">posts</a> + </section> + <section> + <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160511234108/https://twitter.com/zsergo">@me</a> + <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160511234108/https://plus.google.com/u/0/+SergeZaitsev">+me</a> + <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160511234108/https://github.com/zserge"></>me</a> + </section> + </nav> + </header> + <p>Let’s talk about compiler backends. C should be a portable language, and there +is no need to rewrite the whole compiler if you want to port it to the new CPU +architecture.</p> + +<p>Backend is a part of the compiler that generates low-level byte code. Compiler +itself just calls backend functions. Good backend design makes the compiler +highly portable.</p> + +<p>I wanted CUCU to be a portable compiler (actually, a cross-compiler). +So, I decided to move backend code generator to a separate module.</p> + +<p>But before we dive into the backend code generation, let’s think of how we will +test it.</p> + +<h2>minimal target architecture</h2> + +<p>Our minimal target has two registers (let’s call them A and B), and a stack. +Register A is an accumulator. We could use fixed-size instruction codes, as +many RISC CPUs do, but there’s not much fun in decoding hexadecimal numbers to +find out what the code actually does.</p> + +<p>I have chosen a simpler way. Every instruction is 8 bytes long (yes, it’s huge, +but who cares - it’s a test imaginary architecture). And the first 7 bytes of +the instruction are just ASCII symbols, and the last one is 0x10 (’\n’).</p> + +<p>This allows us to use human-readable instruction codes, like <code>A:=A+B</code>, +<code>A:=1ef8</code>, or <code>push A</code>. These seem to be self-explanatory (“add register B +to register A”, “put 0x1ef8 to register A” and “push the value of register A +to the stack”).</p> + +<ul> +<li><code>A:=NNNN</code> - put value of 0xNNNN to register A</li> +<li><code>A:=m[A]</code> - put value at address stored in register A to register A (as byte)</li> +<li><code>A:=M[A]</code> - put value at address stored in register A to register A (as int)</li> +<li><code>m[B]:=A</code> - store the value of A to address stored in B (as byte)</li> +<li><code>M[B]:=A</code> - store the value of A to address stored in B (as int)</li> +<li><code>push A</code> - push the value of A on the stack</li> +<li><code>pop B</code> - pop the value from the stack to B</li> +<li><code>A:=B+A</code> - add A and B</li> +<li><code>A:=B-A</code> - subtract A and B</li> +<li><code>A:=B&A</code> - bitwise AND operation</li> +<li><code>A:=B|A</code> - bitwise OR operation</li> +<li><code>A:=B!=A</code> - A is 1 if B!=A, and 0 otherwise</li> +<li><code>A:=B==A</code> - A is 1 if B==A, and 0 otherwise</li> +<li><code>A:=B<<A</code> - shift left the value of B to A bits</li> +<li><code>A:=B>>A</code> - shift right the value of B to A bits</li> +<li><code>A:=B<A</code> - A is 1 if B<A, and 0 otherwise</li> +<li><code>popNNNN</code> - drop NNNN items from the stack</li> +<li><code>sp@NNNN</code> - put the value at address NNNN on the stack to the register A</li> +<li><code>jmpNNNN</code> - jump to address NNNN</li> +<li><code>jpzNNNN</code> - jump to address NNNN if A is zero</li> +<li><code>call A</code> - call function at address stored in A</li> +<li><code>ret</code> - return from the function</li> +</ul> + +<h2>cucu backend design</h2> + +<p>We include “gen.c” file, which is actually a backend implementation. +Let’s start with simple functions: <code>gen_start()</code> and <code>gen_finish()</code>. +They are used to generate application prologue (like PE header, or ELF header) +and to post-process byte code.</p> + +<p>Compiler provides the function <code>emit()</code>, that emits byte code to the <code>code[]</code> +array. At the very end, <code>code[]</code> contains a ready-to-use compiled program.</p> + +<p>So, compiler calls backend function, and backend just calls emit() with the +specific byte-codes, and this is how we get compiled machine code.</p> + +<p>Now we need to define what are the most common constructions, that backend +should implement. Let’s start with this simple program:</p> + +<pre><code>int main() { + return 0; +} +</code></pre> + +<p>Let’s talk about calling convention. This is how arguments are passed to the +function and how the return value is fetched. We stated before, that arguments +are placed on the stack (the 1st argument is pushed 1st). Let’s make a deal, +that the value of the register A when function returns is its return value.</p> + +<p>Actually, we will store all values to register A. Register B will be used as +a temporary register.</p> + +<p>For the program above I would expect the byte code to be something like:</p> + +<pre><code>A:=0000 +ret +</code></pre> + +<p>So, we need a function to put immediate numeric value to the register A, and a +function to do the return. We will call them <code>gen_const(int)</code> and <code>gen_ret()</code>.</p> + +<p><code>gen_const</code> will be called every time the compiler finds a primary expression +which is a number, and <code>gen_ret</code> is called when the compiler finds a return +statement. Though, some functions can be <code>void</code>, and thus have no explicit +<code>return</code> statement. So, for safety and simplicity we will add an extra +<code>get_ret()</code> at the end of every function, even if there has been an explicit +return before.</p> + +<p><em>Our compiler never claimed to be optimal or fast or safe, so double-return is +fine for us</em></p> + +<h2>maths</h2> + +<p>Now let’s compile some arithmetic expressions. They are all similar, so I’ll +show how it’s done with an example of addition. Remember how parser works? It +parses (and theoretically, compiles) the left part of the expression, then the +right part, and then performs an operation.</p> + +<p>This is how a typical math expression is compiled (remember a joke about an +elephant, a giraffe and a fridge?):</p> + +<pre><code>..evaluate left part +push A +..evaluate right path +pop B +A:=A+B +</code></pre> + +<p>After we compiler the left part we need to store the results (register A) +somewhere. Stack is the most simple way to do it. So, an expression +<code>1+2+3</code> will be compiled to:</p> + +<pre><code>A:=0001 -+ -+ +push A | | +A:=0002 | 1+2 | +pop B | | +A:=A+B -+ | +3 +push A | +A:=0003 | +pop B | +A:=A+B ----+ +</code></pre> + +<h2>other stuff</h2> + +<p>Work with symbols is easy, too.</p> + +<p>To call a function we put its address to register A, +then to a <code>gen_call()</code> which emits <code>call A</code>.</p> + +<p>Accessing local symbols is done using <code>gen_stack_addr</code> which +return the address of the given item on the stack.</p> + +<p>Accessing global symbols is done using <code>gen_sym_addr()</code>. +Also, when a new symbols is created the compiler might need to +generate some code (e.g. when generation assembler code). +<code>gen_sym</code> is used for such cases.</p> + +<p><code>gen_pop</code> drops N items from the stack (increases stack pointer).</p> + +<p><code>gen_unref</code> is used to unreference pointers. Depending on the type (byte or int) +it generates <code>A:=m[A]</code> or <code>A:=M[A]</code> code.</p> + +<p><code>gen_array</code> puts the constant array on the stack. Or maybe if there is a +separate segment for data it should store the array there.</p> + +<p>Finally, <code>gen_patch()</code> is used to patch jump address when compiling if/while +statement. The reason is that when we meet such statement we must generate a +jump instruction, but the address is not known yet - it depends on how many code +is compiled for the body statetment. So, after the body is compiled +we patch jump address with the correct value.</p> + +<p>We are done. Let’s try the following program:</p> + +<pre><code>int main() { + int k; + k = 3; + if (k == 0) { + return 1; + } + return 0; +} + +jmp0008 # by gen_start(): jump to main(), which is the next instruction at 0x8 +push A # add space for local variable "k" +sp@0000 # get the address of the local variable #0 ("k") +push A # store it +A:=0003 # put 3 to A +pop B # get the stored earlier address of "k" +M[B]:=A # put the value of A to "k" as int +sp@0000 # get the address of "k" +A:=M[A] # get its value as int +push A # store it +A:=0000 # put 0 to A +pop B # get the value of "k" stored earlier +A:=B==A # compare A and B ("k" and zero) +jmz0090 # if false (A!=B, k!=0) - jump to 0x90 +A:=0001 # store 1 to A as return value +pop0001 # free space allocated for "k" on the stack +ret # and return +jmp0090 # "else" branch should be here, instead jump to 0x90 (next instruction) +A:=0000 # store 0 to A as return value +pop0001 # free space allocated for "k" on the stack +ret # and return +ret # remember about double-return for safety? ;) +</code></pre> + +<p>Yeah, the code is so dirty and bloated. But it works. And which is more +important, you know now how compilers work and how create your own one.</p> + +<p>But I should warn you…</p> + +<h2>warning</h2> + +<p>Never, please, never do it this way! If you want to write your own compiler - +use real grown-up tools:</p> + +<ul> +<li>flex/lex/jlex/…</li> +<li>yacc/bison/cup…</li> +<li>ANTLR</li> +<li>Ragel</li> +<li>and many others</li> +</ul> + +<p>Also, it’s worth checking real literature, like <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160511234108/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilers:_Principles,_Techniques,_and_Tools">Dragon Book</a>. Maybe the +courses from <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160511234108/https://www.coursera.org/course/compilers">coursera.org</a> will be useful for you, too.</p> + +<p>If you need to port existing languages for your own architecture - +you’d better learn how to write LLVM backends or GCC backends.</p> + +<p>If you want to read more about toy compilers - check <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160511234108/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-C">SmallC</a>.</p> + +<p>If you want to write compiler for a simple language - check PL/0 or Basic or C.</p> + +<p>But please, never write compilers manually for real tasks.</p> + +<h2>final word</h2> + +<p>The full sources of the compiler are available on <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160511234108/https://bitbucket.org/zserge/cucu">my bitbucket page</a>. They +are licensed under MIT, feel free to use and modify. I’m not sure if there is +any sense in submitting issues to this project, so do it only if you know how +to fix them :)</p> + +<p>Anyway, compilers is fun. I hope you liked it!</p> + +<p><em>Check <a href="/web/20160511234108/http://zserge.com/blog/cucu-part1.html">part 1</a> or <a href="/web/20160511234108/http://zserge.com/blog/cucu-part2.html">part 2</a> if +you missed something</em></p> + + <p>Posted on 2012-10-25</p> + <section class="social"> + <section> + <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160511234108/http://www.facebook.com/share.php?u=http://zserge.com/blog/cucu-part3.html&title=cucu:%20a%20compiler%20you%20can%20understand%20%283/3%29" style="background-color: #3b5997">like</a> + + <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160511234108/http://twitter.com/intent/tweet?status=cucu:%20a%20compiler%20you%20can%20understand%20%283/3%29+http://zserge.com/blog/cucu-part3.html%20via%20@zsergo" style="background-color: #41b7d8">tweet</a> + + <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160511234108/https://plus.google.com/share?url=http://zserge.com/blog/cucu-part3.html" style="background-color: #d64937">+1</a> + </section> + <section> + <a href="/web/20160511234108/http://zserge.com/rss.xml" style="background-color: #f26522">rss</a> + + <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160511234108/https://twitter.com/zsergo" style="background-color: #41b7d8">@me</a> + + <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160511234108/https://plus.google.com/u/0/+SergeZaitsev" style="background-color: #d64937">+me</a> + + <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160511234108/https://github.com/zserge" style="background-color: #333333"></>me</a> + </section> + </section> + <section><div id="disqus_thread"></div><script type="text/javascript"> +var disqus_shortname='zserge'; + (function() { + var dsq = document.createElement('script'); + dsq.type = 'text/javascript'; + dsq.async = true; + dsq.src = 'http://' + disqus_shortname + '.disqus.com/embed.js'; + (document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0] || document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0]).appendChild(dsq); + })(); + </script> +<noscript> +</noscript> + +</section> + <footer> + <p> + ©2012–2015 · + <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160511234108/http://zserge.com/">Serge Zaitsev</a> + · + <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160511234108/mailto:zaitsev.serge@gmail.com">zaitsev.serge@gmail.com</a> + </p> + </footer> + <script> + (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ + (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), + m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) + })(window,document,'script','//web.archive.org/web/20160511234108/http://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); + ga('create', 'UA-33644825-1', 'zserge.com'); + ga('send', 'pageview'); +</script> + + + </body> +</html> +<!-- + FILE ARCHIVED ON 23:41:08 May 11, 2016 AND RETRIEVED FROM THE + INTERNET ARCHIVE ON 17:20:59 Jan 12, 2024. + JAVASCRIPT APPENDED BY WAYBACK MACHINE, COPYRIGHT INTERNET ARCHIVE. + + ALL OTHER CONTENT MAY ALSO BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT (17 U.S.C. + SECTION 108(a)(3)). +--> +<!-- +playback timings (ms): + captures_list: 195.079 (11) + exclusion.robots: 0.211 + exclusion.robots.policy: 0.2 + cdx.remote: 0.08 + esindex: 0.012 + LoadShardBlock: 150.869 (3) + PetaboxLoader3.datanode: 135.173 (4) + load_resource: 86.265 + PetaboxLoader3.resolve: 65.917 +-->
\ No newline at end of file |