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#[1]Bookmark [2]alternate [3]alternate [4]alternate
[5]MdEditor
Small C Compilers
: [6]CN / [7]TW / [8]HK
2019-10-10 09:37:41 [9]Hacker News
»: [10]¨ [11]Lisp [12]Linux
Welcome to bootstrapping! [ [13]edit ]
This wiki is about bootstrapping. Building up compilers and
interpreters and tools from nothing.
"Recipe for yogurt: Add yogurt to milk." - Anon.
short sci fi story [14]Coding Machines by Lawrence Kesteloot, January
2009
Also see [15]http://bootstrappable.org , which has pointers to a
mailing list and IRC channel.
Simple explanation: bootstrapping is about building a compiler using tools small
er than itself, as opposed to building a compiler using an already built version
of itself. The problem with the second is: Where did that prebuilt binary come
from?
Current Topics [ [16]edit ]
* [17]mes by janneke,mes
* [18]stage0 by Jeremiah Oriansstage0
* Coquillage by bms_
* [19]Descent principle
* [20]The Semantics Assignment Problem
* [21]Self-Extension
* [22]Self-Hosting
* [23]Build Systems
* [24]Build Inputs
* [25]C compilers
* [26]Below C Level
* [27]Boostrapping Specific Languages
* [28]discarded options and why
* [29]Investigate
* [30]Projects List
* [31]Documents
* [32]Forth
Past Research [ [33]edit ]
[34]bcompiler by Grimley Evans
This is a detailed log of the process of bootstrapping a series of
languages up starting from just a hex assembler written using a hex
editor.
[35]The Cuneiform Tablets of 2015 by Long Tien Nguyen, Alan Kay
This discusses methods of long term software preservation. Briefly
about hardware that will not degrade over time, but the majority of the
paper is about how to design a software stack that can be executed in
the far future. In order to achieve this they recommend build
everything in terms of a machine with a short simple specification.
[36]jonesforth.S by Richard W.M. Jones
In depth literate programming describing a complete implementation of
forth. Bootstrapped from intel 32 bit assembly with lots of assembler
macros into a fully self extensible forth. This is a really
illuminating read, teaching a lot of details about forth as well as
showing just how minimal a runtime it is possible to make a programming
language with.
[37]stoneknifeforth by Kragen
Kragen (again) doing amazing bootstrapping/self hosting work. This
forth is implemented in a screenful of code, able to emit ELF files
directly. Self extensible. Single char word names.
[38]amber by nineties
These slides outline the developement of rowl and amber. This is a
programming language bootstrapped up from assembly. rowl is implemented
directly in assembly then parts of the amber vm and compiler are
implemented in rowl, then the rest of amber is implemented by self
hosting.
[39]SCM-Go by pkelcjte
This project builds a SICP-style, Scheme interpreter with a REPL in Go.
The blog post describes each phase. They're simple-looking. The Github
integrates it into a total of 240 lines of code. Being a simple
language, the Go implementation could be ported to anything else in our
collection or straight hand-assemblied. Then, more complex stuff built
on it like nineties or other LISPers do.
[40]jrp.c by curtism
A very small x86 JIT stack calculator implemented in C. All of the
instructions are coded in a clever way to make them each a double word
or a quad word.
[41]Yet Another BrainFuck Compiler by cameronswinoga
This is a brain**** compiler implemented in C. It produces an elf file
directly.
[42]qcc
The QCC project: hooking tcc frontend up with qcc's code generator and
creating a toybox style set of cc, as, ld tools.
[43]List of Diverse Hardware
A big concern in dealing with trust in hardware is whether it's
subverted or not. Intel, AMD, and many other big names have backdoors
in their chips for management purposes. Among other things... ;) One
cheat to get trustworthy image is to just use a computer you have no
reason to believe is subverted. Acquire it under a boring buyer, it
itself is a boring tech, do your bootstrapping thing in it air gapped,
and use what it produces. It will likely *not* be subverted *by
default* since the interdictors and TAO folks have limited resources w/
no reason to target the system. Use several that are different for best
results. To help with that, I (Nick P.) put together a list of all
kinds of CPU's and execution strategies on Schneier's blog. Something I
left off the list are old TI-82 calculators, Palm Pilots, etc. Lots of
old stuff lying around you can get in person with cash that is probably
unsubverted.
[44]golang talk golang transpiled from c to go
"It's time for the Go compilers to be written in Go, not in C. I'll
talk about the unusual process the Go team has adopted to make that
happen: mechanical conversion of the existing C compilers into
idiomatic Go code". They wrote the compiler in C then translated the
source code from C into Go almost automatically (had to do some manual
fixing up). This is an interesting approach. Let's name it the
transpile approach to self hosting.
[45]asmutils a linux distro/userland implemented in assembly
This is a linux distribution implemented entirely in assembly. It
doesn't depend on libc or anything.
[46]COMFY-65 a macro assembler hosted on lisp
Henry G. Baker implements COMFY-65, a macro assembler hosted on lisp.
With the power of the entire Lisp language available for use within
COMFY-65 macros, the amount of intelligence one can embed in these
macros is limitless
[47]B.Y.O assembler in forth by Brad Rodriguez
This is a teaching document that explains how to make an assembler in
forth! It shows a very forth-idiomatic style of programming, and how
easy it is to make an advanced assembler once you have a working forth.
[48]mrustc by thepowersgang
This is a rust compiler written in C++, it translates rust to C. it
makes the normal self hosted rustc compiler bootstrappable! It neglects
the borrow checker but is still able to compile valid input source
correctly.
[49]bsdc by Leor Zolman
A C compiler (for CP/M) implemented in assembly. 25k lines of asm.
[50]maru by Ian Piumarta
This is the real deal. Ian Piumarta implemented a fully bootstrappable
scheme here starting from C, then self hosting to a compiler that emits
binary directly. Very impressive!
[51]CakeML by Myreen et al
CakeML is really really fascinating. They have created a theory of SML
programs inside HOL, allowing them to prove properties of SML programs
embedded inside HOL. They have created a (serious) compiler from SML
down to assembly and proved that it preserves semantics all the way.
They are then able to compile the compile simultaneously bootstrapping
the proof to create a verified compiler binary for which it is proven
that it compiles input programs and preserves their semantics. To my
knowledge this is the first such development.
[52]bootstrap by Richard Smith
This is an incredibly well developed bootstrapping project. hex
assembler. elf maker. x86 assembler. linker. B compiler. C compiler.
Includes implementations of various POSIX style libc functions along
the way. It is extremely well written and worth studying!
[53]asmc by Giovanni Mascellani
The asmc project is a small bootable kernel that loads up a payload
which. payloads exist for assembly compilers and "G language"
compilers. The G language is a low level lang below C which was
invented to ease bootstrapping. An assembler (which can build the
kernel) has been implemented in G.
[54]blc by Pim Goossens
cmeta - Using ideas from META compiler compiler Pim builds the meta
language up from raw hex. blc - binary lambda calculus implementation,
capable of computing matt mights factorial program. built using the
cmeta system. Incredibly terse. Surprising that the techniques of
metacompiler compilers can be applied at such a low level. The amount
of leverage may be highest in this project.
[55]pascal-p by Pascal-P Porting Kit
"It compiles and runs a subset of the Revised Pascal language. That
subset was designed to be the minimum language required to self compile
for a new machine implementation. It was part of a "bootstrapping" kit
designed to facilitate porting Pascal to new machines.". The pascal
language was implemented with bootstrapping intention in mind. They
have a simple "p code" bytecode language that eases the process.
[56]eulex by David Vázquez Púa
This is a forth operating system with emacs like editor and lisp
interpreter built in it. It's a 1700 line assembly script for the
bootable forth compiler/interpreter and then the whole rest of the
system is implemented in forth. I have not tried but apparently it can
build itself with the assembler. This is very impressive work.
Past Research / intray [ [57]edit ]
important: try to summarize lessons learned from each.
* [58]Pascal-S by Wirth (Small, self-contained subset w/ great error
reporting)
* [59]Compiler Construction by Wirth (Oberon-0 language in book is
well-suited to bootstrapping)
* [60]Edison by Hansen (Language w/ 5 statements & small OS on
PDP-11)
* [61]Project Oberon by Wirth et al (Simple language, compiler, OS,
and RISC CPU w/ source laid out like a book.)
* [62]ML/I and Sal by Tannenbaum (Macro system bootstrapping
low-level language, Sal, they built an OS with)
* [63]COLA whitepaper by Ian Piumarta
* [64]PreScheme using an low level s-exp IL to implement scheme.
* [65]Incremental, Scheme Compiler by Ghuloum (Build Scheme-to-ASM
compiler in "24, small steps;" Githubs available)
* [66]Red Language by Rakocevic et al (LISP-like power/DSL's, can do
low-level, batteries included, 1MB standalone)
* [67]MinCaml by IPA (Efficient compiler for minimal, functional
language in 2000 lines & 14-week segments)
* [68]Spry by Krampe (Combines traits of LISP, Rebol, Smalltalk, and
Forth; hosted on Nim; 2300loc)
* [69]LCC by Hanson and Fraser (A 20Kloc compiler w/ book describing
its workings; literate code; non-FOSS, but free non-commercial)
* [70]Axiomatic Bootstrapping: A Guide for Compiler Hackers by Andrew
Appel (bootstrapping SML)
* [71]Merlin: Just Add Reflection (bootstrapping object oriented
merlin)
* [72]booting BCPL (bootstrapping BCPL using intcode)
* [73]High-level Assembly by Hyde (Assembly w/ high-level data types,
control flow & a stdlib; use/check just what you need)
* [74]Linoleum by Ghignola (Cross-platform, lean, fast, assembly-like
language)
* [75]wingolog about the guile compiler (all brilliant posts!)
* [76]Partcl by Zaitsev (Tiny TCL; TCL's parse & interpret easily;
also references Picol etc)
* [77][1] neatld linker by ali grudi (and also [78]neatas [79]neatcc
)
* [80]SchemeRepo by Univ. of Indiana (Pile of source for Scheme
lexers, parsers, comilers, etc.)
* [81]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sk9TatW9ino Tutorial: Building
the Simplest Possible Linux System - Rob Landley
* [82]Om Language by sparist (Prefix, typeless language with three
operators; concatenative like Forth)
* [83][2] by Laurence Tratt
* [84]SBCL: a Sanely-Bootstrappable Common Lisp by Christophe Rhodes
* prescheme to c compiler - [85]https://github.com/nineties-retro/sps
* [86]Ur-Scheme by Kragen Sitaker
* [87]qhasm by Daniel Bernstein (portable form of Assembly language
that standardizes machine instruction syntax across CPUs)
* [88]debian rebootstrap a project with the idea that bootstrapping
debian should be a repeatable process, not a hacky one off thing
* [89]http://t3x.org/t3x/ - minimal procedural language with self
hosted tiny compiler
* [90][3] - bootstrapping a linux system from source
* [91]bootstrapping trust in compilers blog post by Owl's portfolio
* [92]programming thought experiment kragen comment on reddit
* [93]scheme from scratch
* [94]http://interim-os.com/
* [95]https://github.com/m4tx/uefi-jit**** UEFI JIT brain****
* [96]https://miyuki.github.io/2017/10/04/gcc-archaeology-1.html gcc
archaeology
* [97]https://github.com/murisi/L2
* [98]https://tinygo.org/faq/why-a-new-compiler/
* [99]https://github.com/siraben/meta-II
Groups [ [100]edit ]
Karger-Thompson Attack [ [101]edit ]
Anything related to the karger thompson attack: proof of concept demos,
mitigations, theory.
* [102]multics the original paper explaining the attack (before
thompson!)
* [103]SCM Security by Wheeler (Secure distribution & compilation of
source fundamentals; Karger advised mastering it)
* [104]rotten by rntz (thompson attack demo)
* [105]rust infection by manishearth (thompson attack demo in the
rust compiler)
* [106]tcc ACSAC by daved wheeler
* [107]CompCert by Leroy et al (Mathematically-verified, C compiler
whose specs and proofs checked with tiny, verified checker)
* [108]CakeML by Myreen et al (Mathematically-verified, SML compiler
whose specs and proofs checked with different, tiny, verified
checker)
* [109]VLISP by Oliva and Wand (Article has links to VLISP which
mathematically verified PreScheme and Scheme48)
* [110]KCC by Rosu et al (Executable, formal semantics for C in
rewrite logic; could do that w/ simpler engine)
* [111]TALC by Cornell (Typed, assembly language to verify safety
w/out compiler; checker can be simple; C subset + verified compiler
to TALC)
* [112]CoqASM by Microsoft Research (Bootstrap in verifiably-safe
assembly in prover checked by tiny, verified checker)
Ubiquitous Implementations [ [113]edit ]
These are tools written in ubiquitous languages, therefore they can be
used in a wide variety of contexts.
* [114]shasm by Hohensee (x86 assembler written in BASH)
* [115]AWKLisp by Bacon (LISP written in Awk; includes Perl version
from Perl Avenger)
* [116]Gherkin by Dipert (LISP written in Bash)
* [117]BASH Infinity by Brzoska (BASH framework/routines that might
help write compilers in it)
* [118]mal "make a lisp" implementing a very basic lisp interpreter
in hundreds of languages
* [119][4] A new bootstrapping project that is built up to a self
host language above assembly from a minimal DOS platform.
Small C Compilers [ [120]edit ]
* [121]c4 by rswier (incredibly short c compiler)
* [122]cc500 by edmund grimley-evans (tiny c compiler)
* [123]CUCU by Zaitsev (Small, C compiler designed for easy
understanding)
* [124]SmallerC by Frunze (Small, single-pass, C compiler for several
ISA's)
* [125]picoc interpreter.
* [126]C Interpreter by Dr Dobbs (Describes building a C interpreter
with source)
* [127][5] Small C for I386 (IA-32)
* [128]Selfie , a tiny self-compiling compiler for a subset of C, a
tiny self-executing MIPS emulator, and a tiny self-hosting MIPS
hypervisor, all in a single 7kLoC file. [129]HN discussion.
[130]Paper.
* [131]Tiny C expression compiler Written in Forth based on
[132]tinyc.c by marc feeley.
* [133][6] [134][7] C compilers by Rui Ueyama [135]blog
* [136][8] 10 hour self hosting c compiler
Grammars, Parsing, and Term Rewriting [ [137]edit ]
* [138]Grammar Executing Machine by McKeeman and He (Incrementally
extend languages from simple to complex grammars in interpreter(s))
* [139]peg by kragen (parsing)
* [140]PEG-based simple compiler by Ian Piumarta
* [141]META II by Bayfront Tech (Original meta-compiler w/ live code
and detailed tutorial; OMeta was successor)
* [142]META II implementation by Lugon (Looks like a small
implementation of META II; also bootstrapped in META II)
* [143]OMeta# Intro by Moser (OMeta intro that nicely illustrates the
meta approach/advantages)
Virtual Machines, Instruction Sets [ [144]edit ]
* [145]P-code by Wirth (High-level language & libraries target
ultra-simple, portable interpreter)
* [146]sweet16 by Steve Wozniak
* [147]Tiny BASIC by Allison (Small BASIC whose original VM took 120,
virtual opcodes to implement using 3KB RAM)
* [148]Klip by Cutting (Compiler & runtime for simple language for
students; done in C#; runtime is very readable)
CPU's for Bootstrapping: The Simple, The Verified, and The Necessarily
Complex [ [149]edit ]
* [150]NAND2Tetris by Nisan and Schocken (Guide that teaches hardware
step-by-step in fun way with simple CPU emerging)
* [151]J1 by by Bowman (16-bit Forth CPU in 200 lines of Verilog that
does 100MIPS on FPGA's)
* [152]H2 by Howe (Modified, VHDL version of J1 with detailed
description and Howe's code MIT-licensed)
* [153]RISC-0 by Wirth (Simple, RISC CPU & SOC designed for Oberon
language with detailed docs and source online)
* [154]JOP by Shoeberl et al (Embedded Java processor that takes up
1830 slices on FPGA)
* [155]Scheme Machine by Burger (Scheme interpreter implemented as
CPU using formal methods)
* [156]ZPU by Zylin AS (Tiny, 32-bit CPU for deep embedded apps in
440 LUT's)
* [157]J2 by Landley et al (Clone of cost-efficient, SuperH-2 CPU in
open-source)
* [158]VAMP by Beyer et al (Formally-verified, DLX-style processor in
18,000 slices on Xilinx)
* [159]Leon3 by Gaisler (Industry-grade, 32-bit SPARC w/
auto-configuration of core and GPL license)
* [160]Rocket by Univ of CA (1.4GHz RISC-V CPU and generator for
customization)
* [161]OpenPITON by Princeton (25-core, shared-memory, SPARC CPU
open-sourced and very scalable)
Minimal Operating Systems [ [162]edit ]
* [163]KolibriOS - lightweight assembly OS.
* [164]MikeOS - same.
* [165]Sortix - modern reimplementation of POSIX in C. (Note: No perl
port and GCC does not build natively on it. (yet.))
* [166]ASMLINUX - linux kernel, but the userspace is implemented
entirely in assembly.
* [167]LFS - Guide on building Linux and the GNU userspace.
* buildroot
* [168]NetBSD build.sh - Cross-build a complete NetBSD ISO from a
foreign OS. There's also a [169]guide in the official NetBSD docs.
* [170]lh-bootstrap - alternative linux distro, using musl instead of
glibc.
* [171]xv6 - UNIX teaching OS MIT
* [172]OS/161 - UNIX teaching OS Harvard
* [173]https://landley.net/toybox/about.html - Toybox, alternative to
Busybox by Robert Landley, see also [174]Aboriginal Linux and
[175]mkroot by the same author, which are all geared toward a
minimal boostrappable system
* [176]https://github.com/pikhq/bootstrap-linux - Another take at a
bootstrappable Linux system
Biology/Other? [ [177]edit ]
* [178]https://ds9a.nl/amazing-dna/#bootstrapping - DNA seen through
the eyes of a coder
Helpful Links [ [179]edit ]
* [180]AIM-039.pdf The first self hosted lisp
* [181]lambda-the-ultimate thread asking for info on bootstrapping
* [182]awesome-compilers github list with a lot of information (copy
the relevant parts to this wiki)
* [183]Tombstone diagram
* [184]bootstrappable a community hub for bootstrapping, with mailing
list.
* [185]bootstrappable mailing list
* [186]yabfc - Generating-executable-files-from-scratch
* [187]ELF visualization
* [188]Cfront - converts C++ to C; developed by Bjarne Stroustrup.
* [189]https://sourceware.org/glibc/wiki/FAQ#How_do_I_install_all_of_
the_GNU_C_Library_project_libraries_that_I_just_built.3F
* [190]Formal Compiler Verification with ACL2 - proving a compiler
correct with ACL2 and discussion about correctness and self
compiling.
<'¶ >'
* [191]Rustdesk: The open source TeamViewer alternative
* [192]DJI Mavic 3 Drone
* [193]Hacker News ¡ 2021-09-14
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* [202]Hacker News ¡ 2021-08-29
* [203]Hacker News ¡ 2021-08-27
* [204]Hacker News ¡ 2021-08-26
* [205]Hacker News ¡ 2021-08-25
* [206]Hacker News ¡ 2021-08-23
* [207]Hacker News ¡ 2021-08-21
* [208]Hacker News ¡ 2021-08-20
* [209]Hacker News ¡ 2021-08-15
* [210]Hacker News ¡ 2021-08-15
<'[211]¨>'
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* [230]¥±,¯© ¸Lisp,CS61A9
* [231]¥±,¯© Lisp,CS61A8
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References
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14. https://www.gushiciku.cn/jump/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGVhbXRlbi5jb20vbGF3cmVuY2Uvd3JpdGluZ3MvY29kaW5nLW1hY2hpbmVzLw==
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