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GCC Cross-Compiler

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   Beginner

   In this tutorial we will create a GCC cross-compiler for your own
   operating system. This compiler is specially made to target exactly
   your operating system and is what allows you to leave the current
   operating system behind. You need a cross-compiler for operating
   systems development, unless you are developing on your own operating
   system.

Contents

     * [7]1 Introduction
          + [8]1.1 Why do I need a Cross Compiler?
          + [9]1.2 Which compiler version do I want?
          + [10]1.3 Which Binutils version do I want?
          + [11]1.4 Deciding on the target platform
     * [12]2 Preparing for the build
          + [13]2.1 Downloading the Source Code
          + [14]2.2 Linux Users
          + [15]2.3 OS X Users
          + [16]2.4 Windows Users
     * [17]3 The Build
          + [18]3.1 Preparation
          + [19]3.2 Binutils
          + [20]3.3 GCC
     * [21]4 Using the new Compiler
     * [22]5 Troubleshooting
          + [23]5.1 ld: cannot find -lgcc
          + [24]5.2 Binutils 2.9
     * [25]6 See Also
          + [26]6.1 Articles
          + [27]6.2 External Links
          + [28]6.3 Prebuilt Toolchains

Introduction

   Generally speaking, a cross-compiler is a compiler that runs on
   platform A (the host), but generates executables for platform B (the
   target). These two platforms may (but do not need to) differ in CPU,
   operating system, and/or [29]executable format. In our case, the host
   platform is your current operating system, and the target platform is
   the operating system you are about to make. It is important to realize
   that these two platforms are not the same; your operating system is
   always going to be different from your current operating system. This
   is why we need to build a cross-compiler first, you will most certainly
   run into trouble otherwise.

Why do I need a Cross Compiler?

          Main article: [30]Why do I need a Cross Compiler?

   You need to use a cross-compiler unless you are developing on your own
   operating system. The compiler must know the correct target platform
   (CPU, operating system), otherwise you will run into trouble. If you
   use the compiler that comes with your system, then the compiler won't
   know it is compiling something else entirely. Some tutorials suggest
   using your system compiler and passing a lot of problematic options to
   the compiler. This will certainly give you a lot of problems in the
   future and the solution is build a cross-compiler. If you have already
   attempted to make an operating system without using a cross-compiler,
   please read the article [31]Why do I need a Cross Compiler?.

Which compiler version do I want?

          Main article: [32]Building GCC

   The newest [33]GCC is recommended as it is the latest and greatest
   release. For instance, you may run into trouble if you use GCC 4.6.3 to
   build a GCC 4.8.0 cross-compiler. If you are not using the latest major
   GCC release for your system compiler, we recommend that you [34]build
   the newest GCC as your system compiler.

   You can also use older releases as they are usually reasonably good. If
   your local system compiler isn't too terribly old (at least GCC 4.6.0),
   you may wish to save yourself the trouble and just pick the latest
   minor release (such as 4.6.3 if your system compiler is 4.6.1) for your
   cross-compiler.

   You can view your current compiler version by invoking:
gcc --version

   You may be able to use an older major GCC release to build a
   cross-compiler of a newer major GCC release. For instance, GCC 4.7.3
   may be able to build a GCC 4.8.0 cross-compiler. However, if you want
   to use the latest and greatest GCC version for your cross-compiler, we
   recommend that you [35]bootstrap the newest GCC as your system compiler
   first. Individuals using OS X 10.7 or earlier might want to invest in
   either building a system GCC (that outputs native Mach-O), or upgrading
   the local LLVM/Clang installation. Users with 10.8 and above should
   install the Command Line Tools from Apple's developer website and use
   Clang to cross-compile GCC.

Which Binutils version do I want?

          Main article: [36]Cross-Compiler Successful Builds

   We recommend that you use the latest and greatest [37]Binutils release.
   Note, however, that not all combinations of GCC and Binutils work. If
   you run into trouble, use a Binutils that was released at roughly the
   same time as your desired compiler version. You probably need at least
   Binutils 2.22, or preferably the latest 2.23.2 release. It doesn't
   matter what Binutils version you have installed on your current
   operating system.

Deciding on the target platform

          Main article: [38]Target Triplet

   You should already know this. If you are following the [39]Bare Bones
   tutorial, you wish to build a cross-compiler for i686-elf.

Preparing for the build

   The GNU Compiler Collection is an advanced piece of software with
   dependencies. You need to install certain dependencies in order to
   build gcc. You need to install GNU make, GNU bison, flex, and of course
   an existing system compiler you wish to replace. In addition, you also
   need the packages GNU GMP, GNU MPFR, and MPC that are used by GCC for
   floating point support.

   You need a host system with a working GCC installation, and enough
   memory as well as hard drive space. How much qualifies as "enough" is
   depending on the versions of the software involved, but GCC is a big
   piece of software, so don't be surprised when 128 or 256 MByte are not
   sufficient.

   In short you need the following that you can install manually or
   through package management:
     * An Unix-like environment (Windows users)
     * GCC (existing release you wish to replace)
     * G++ (if building a version of GCC >= 4.8.0)
     * GNU Make
     * GNU Bison
     * Flex
     * GNU GMP
     * GNU MPFR
     * GNU MPC
     * Texinfo
     * ISL (optional)
     * CLooG (optional)

Downloading the Source Code

   You can download the desired Binutils release by visiting the
   [40]Binutils website or directly accessing the [41]GNU main FTP mirror.

   You can download the desired GCC release by visiting the [42]GCC
   website or directly accessing the [43]GNU main FTP mirror.

   In addition, to build GCC you need to have installed GNU GMP, GNU MPFR,
   GNU Mpc and the ISL library. You may already have these libraries and
   the development files installed, but this tutorial builds them as part
   of GCC. If you don't need this, simply don't build them as part of GCC.
   Note that not all GMP, MPFR and Mpc combinations are compatible with a
   given GCC release. You also need Texinfo to build Binutils.

   You can download [44]GNU GMP from its website. (libgmp3-dev on
   apt-based systems, dev-libs/gmp on Gentoo, gmp-devel on Fedora,
   libgmp-devel on Cygwin)

   You can download [45]GNU MPFR from its website. (libmpfr-dev on
   apt-based systems, dev-libs/mpfr on Gentoo, mpfr-devel on Fedora,
   libmpfr-devel on Cygwin)

   You can download [46]ISL from its website (optional). (libisl-dev on
   apt-based systems, libisl-devel on Cygwin)

   You can download [47]ClooG from its website (optional).
   (libcloog-isl-dev on apt-based systems, libcloog-isl-devel on Cygwin)

   You can download [48]GNU Mpc from its website. (libmpc-dev on apt-based
   systems, dev-libs/mpc on Gentoo, libmpc-devel on Fedora, libmpc-devel
   on Cygwin)

   You can download [49]GNU Texinfo from its website. (texinfo on
   apt-based systems, texinfo on Arch Linux, sys-apps/texinfo on Gentoo,
   texinfo on Cygwin)

   Download the needed source code into a suitable directory such as
   $HOME/src.
   An alternative way to download GMP, MPFR and Mpc is to go to the top
   level directory of the GCC source code (i.e. gcc-x.y.z/) and type the
   following:
contrib/download_prerequisites

   The download_prerequisites script will run and will download GMP, MPFR
   and Mpc.

   Note: The versioning scheme used is that each fullstop separates a full
   number, i.e. Binutils 2.20.0 is newer than 2.9.0. This may be
   confusing, if you have not encountered this (quite common) versioning
   scheme yet, when looking at an alphanumerically sorted list of
   tarballs: The file at the bottom of the list is not the latest version!
   An easy way of getting the latest version is to sort by the last
   modified date and scrolling to the bottom.

   Note: Version 5.x (or later) of Texinfo is known to be incompatible
   with the current Binutils 2.23.2 release (and older). You can check
   your current version using makeinfo --version. If your version is too
   new and you encounter problems during the build, you will need to
   either use Binutils 2.24 release (or newer) or install an older version
   of Texinfo - perhaps through building from source - and add it to your
   PATH prior and during the Binutils build.

   Note: Version 0.13 (or later) of ISL is incompatible with the current
   CLooG 0.18.1 release (and older). Use version 0.12.2 of ISL or the
   build will fail.

Linux Users

   Your distribution may ship its own patched GCC and Binutils that is
   customized to work on your particular Linux distribution. You may not
   be able to build a functional system compiler using the upstream
   sources you downloaded above. In that case, try a newer GCC release or
   get the patched source code. For instance, some GCC releases are known
   to not understand the new Debian multiarch directory structure.
   However, if the compiler we are about to build is a cross-compiler
   targetting another operating system (such as your new one), then this
   is much less a worry.

   Note for all Gentoo users: Gentoo, being a source-based distribution,
   makes it almost ridiculously easy to set up a cross-development
   toolchain:
   emerge -av crossdev
   crossdev --help
   PORTDIR_OVERLAY="/usr/local/crossdev" crossdev --stage1 --binutils <binutils-
version> --gcc <gcc-version> --target <target>

   This will install a GCC cross-compiler into a "slot", i.e. alongside
   already-existing compiler versions. You can install several
   cross-compilers that way, simply by changing target designations. An
   unfortunate downside is that it will also pull in gentoo patches and
   pass additional configure options that differ from the official GCC
   Cross-Compiler setup, and they might behave differently.

   After the compilation ran, you can now use your cross-compiler by
   calling <target>-gcc. You can also use gcc-config to toggle between
   compiler versions should you need to do so. Don't replace your system
   compiler with a cross-compiler however. The package manager will also
   suggest updates as soon as they become available.

   You can uninstall the cross-compiler by calling crossdev --clean
   <target>. Read the [50]cross-development document for additional
   information.

   Note that the version numbers to binutils and gcc are Gentoo package
   versions, i.e. there might be a suffix to the "official" (GNU) version
   that addresses additional patchsets supplied by the Gentoo maintainers.
   (For example, --binutils 2.24-r3 --gcc 4.8.3 is the latest stable
   package pair at the time of this writing.) You can omit the version
   numbers to use the latest package available.

   Portage uses overlays to store packages that are not part of the
   original package management. Crossdev needs one overlay where it can
   store its binutils and gcc packages before building them. You can
   configure one properly, or you can use PORTDIR_OVERLAY to point at
   where it should keep its package manager files. Using PORTDIR_OVERLAY
   is not a good idea with existing overlays, but by then you should know
   how you have personally set them up earlier anyway and how to do it
   properly.

OS X Users

   Additionally, OS X users need a replacement libiconv because the system
   libiconv is seriously out of date. OS X users can download the latest
   libiconv release by visiting the [51]libiconv website or directly
   accessing the [52]GNU main FTP mirror.

   When compiling GCC 4.3 or higher on OS X 10.4 and 10.5, you may get
   unresolved symbol errors related to libiconv. This is because the
   version shipped with OS X is seriously out of date. Install a new
   version (compile it yourself or use MacPorts) and add
   --with-libiconv-prefix=/opt/local (or /usr/local if you compiled it
   yourself) to GCC's ./configure line. Alternatively you may place the
   libiconv source as gcc-x.y.z/libiconv and it will be compiled as part
   of the GCC compilation process. (This trick also works for MPFR, GMP,
   and Mpc).

   The makefiles of Binutils and GCC use the $(CC) variable to invoke the
   compiler. On OS X, this resolves to GCC by default, which is actually
   not the "real thing", but Clang. Note that since at least OS X 10.8,
   Xcode's Command Line Tools package comes with Clang, and this version
   of Clang does indeed work to compile a working version of GCC, unlike
   what these instructions previously reflected.

   Note that users running OS X 10.7 may need to find and install GCC,
   either from [53]Homebrew, or from somewhere on Apple's website. Thus,
   the instructions below are really only relevant for these users, but
   your mileage may vary.
# This is only necessary for OS X users running 10.7 or below.
export CC=/usr/bin/gcc-4.2
export CXX=/usr/bin/g++-4.2
export CPP=/usr/bin/cpp-4.2
export LD=/usr/bin/gcc-4.2

   You might want to unset these exports once you compiled and installed
   the cross compiler, as it might confuse other builds. Do not make these
   permanent!

   Note for Lion users: If you're on Lion (or above) chances are that you
   don't have the "real" GCC since Apple removed it from the Xcode
   package, but you can still install it. You can do it via Homebrew or by
   compiling from source, both are perfectly described on [54]a
   StackExchange answer.

   Note for Maverick users: You can build binutils-2.24 and gcc-4.8.3
   (possible other version) with Xcode 5.1.1. Note that building GCC with
   LLVM is not officially supported and may cause interesting bugs, if you
   are willing to take this risk and save time building host-gcc just to
   compile a cross-gcc, follow this. Install GMP, MPFR, Mpc with
   [55]MacPorts.
sudo port install gmp mpfr libmpc

../binutils-2.24/configure --prefix=$PREFIX \
--target=$TARGET \
--enable-interwork --enable-multilib \
--disable-nls --disable-werror

../gcc-4.8.3/configure --prefix=$PREFIX \
--target=$TARGET \
--disable-nls \
--enable-languages=c,c++ --without-headers \
--enable-interwork --enable-multilib \
--with-gmp=/usr --with-mpc=/opt/local --with-mpfr=/opt/local

     * Note that there is issue with port's GMP, we use the version from
       OS X from /usr instead.

Windows Users

   Windows users need to set up a Unix-like enviroment such as [56]MinGW
   or [57]Cygwin. It may well be worth looking into systems such as Linux
   and see if they fit your needs, as you commonly use a lot of Unix-like
   tools in operating systems development and this is much easier from a
   Unix-like operating system. If you have just installed the basic
   [58]Cygwin package, you have to run the setup.exe again and install the
   following packages: GCC, G++, Make, Flex, Bison, Diffutils,
   libintl-devel, libgmp-devel, libmpfr-devel, libmpc-devel, Texinfo

   MinGW + MSYS is an option, and as it addresses the native Windows API
   instead of a POSIX emulation layer, results in a slightly faster
   toolchain. Some software packages will not build properly under MSYS as
   they were not designed for use with Windows. As far as this tutorial is
   concerned, everything that applies to Cygwin also applies to MSYS
   unless otherwise specified. Make sure you install the C and C++
   compilers, and the MSYS Basic System.

   The "Windows Subsystem for Linux (Beta)", released with the Windows 10
   Anniversary update is also an option for using a cross compiler.
   (Tested 08/08/2016 with GCC 6.1.0 and Binutils 2.27) This
   cross-compiler works reasonably fast, although being in beta state, it
   may not be ideal permanent development platform.

   Cygwin note: Cygwin includes your Windows %PATH% in its bash $PATH. If
   you were using DJGPP before, this could result in confusion as e.g.
   calling GCC on the Cygwin bash command line would still call the DJGPP
   compiler. After uninstalling DJGPP, you should delete the DJGPP
   environment variable and clear the C:\djgpp entry (or wherever you
   installed it) from your %PATH%. Likewise, it might be a bad idea to mix
   build environments in your system PATH variable.

   MinGW note: Some MinGW-specific information on building a
   cross-toolchain can be found on the [59]hosted cross-compiler how-to
   page on the MinGW homepage.

   Windows Subsystem for Linux (Beta) Note: You cannot have your cross
   compiler in the /mnt/c/ (or /mnt/"x") areas, as trying to compile your
   cross-compiler there will generate errors, whereas building to
   $HOME/opt/cross works perfectly. This is fixed with Windows Update
   KB3176929

The Build

   We build a toolset running on your host that can turn source code into
   object files for your target system.

   You need to decide where to install your new compiler. It is dangerous
   and a very bad idea to install it into system directories. You also
   need to decide whether the new compiler should be installed globally or
   just for you. If you want to install it just for you (recommended),
   installing into $HOME/opt/cross is normally a good idea. If you want to
   install it globally, installing it into /usr/local/cross is normally a
   good idea.

   Please note that we build everything out of the source directory tree,
   as is considered good practice. Some packages only support building
   outside, some only inside and some both (but may not offer extensive
   checking with make). Building GCC inside the source directory tree
   fails miserably, at least for older versions.

Preparation

export PREFIX="$HOME/opt/cross"
export TARGET=i686-elf
export PATH="$PREFIX/bin:$PATH"

   We add the installation prefix to the PATH of the current shell
   session. This ensures that the compiler build is able to detect our new
   binutils once we have built them.

   The prefix will configure the build process so that all the files of
   your cross-compiler environment end up in $HOME/opt/cross. You can
   change that prefix to whatever you like (e.g., /opt/cross or
   $HOME/cross would be options). If you have administrator access and
   wish to make the cross-compiler toolchain available to all users, you
   can install it into the /usr/local prefix - or perhaps a
   /usr/local/cross prefix if you are willing to change the system
   configuration such that this directory is in the search paths for all
   users. Technically, you could even install directly to /usr, so that
   your cross-compiler would reside alongside your system compiler, but
   that is not recommended for several reasons (like risking to overwrite
   your system compiler if you get TARGET wrong, or getting into conflict
   with your system's package management).

Binutils

cd $HOME/src

mkdir build-binutils
cd build-binutils
../binutils-x.y.z/configure --target=$TARGET --prefix="$PREFIX" --with-sysroot -
-disable-nls --disable-werror
make
make install

   This compiles the binutils (assembler, disassembler, and various other
   useful stuff), runnable on your system but handling code in the format
   specified by $TARGET.

   --disable-nls tells binutils not to include native language support.
   This is basically optional, but reduces dependencies and compile time.
   It will also result in English-language diagnostics, which the people
   on the [60]Forum understand when you ask your questions. ;-)

   --with-sysroot tells binutils to enable sysroot support in the
   cross-compiler by pointing it to a default empty directory. By default
   the linker refuses to use sysroots for no good technical reason, while
   gcc is able to handle both cases at runtime. This will be useful later
   on.

GCC

          See also the [61]offical instructions for configuring gcc.

   Now, you can build [62]GCC.
cd $HOME/src

# The $PREFIX/bin dir _must_ be in the PATH. We did that above.
which -- $TARGET-as || echo $TARGET-as is not in the PATH

mkdir build-gcc
cd build-gcc
../gcc-x.y.z/configure --target=$TARGET --prefix="$PREFIX" --disable-nls --enabl
e-languages=c,c++ --without-headers
make all-gcc
make all-target-libgcc
make install-gcc
make install-target-libgcc

   We build [63]libgcc, a low-level support library that the compiler
   expects available at compile time. Linking against [64]libgcc provides
   integer, floating point, decimal, stack unwinding (useful for exception
   handling) and other support functions. Note how we are not simply
   running make && make install as that would build way too much, not all
   components of gcc are ready to target your unfinished operating system.

   --disable-nls is the same as for binutils above.

   --without-headers tells [65]GCC not to rely on any C library (standard
   or runtime) being present for the target.

   --enable-languages tells [66]GCC not to compile all the other language
   frontends it supports, but only C (and optionally C++).

   It will take a while to build your cross-compiler.

Using the new Compiler

   Now you have a "naked" cross-compiler. It does not have access to a C
   library or C runtime yet, so you cannot use any of the standard
   includes or create runnable binaries. But it is quite sufficient to
   compile the kernel you will be making shortly. Your toolset resides in
   $HOME/opt/cross (or what you set $PREFIX to). For example, you have a
   GCC executable installed as $HOME/opt/cross/bin/$TARGET-gcc, which
   creates programs for your TARGET.

   You can now run your new compiler by invoking something like:
$HOME/opt/cross/bin/$TARGET-gcc --version

   Note how this compiler is not able to compile normal C programs. The
   cross-compiler will spit errors whenever you want to #include any of
   the standard headers (except for a select few that actually are
   platform-independent, and generated by the compiler itself). This is
   quite correct - you don't have a standard library for the target system
   yet!

   The C standard defines two different kinds of executing environments -
   "freestanding" and "hosted". While the definition might be rather fuzzy
   for the average application programmer, it is pretty clear-cut when
   you're doing OS development: A kernel is "freestanding", everything you
   do in user space is "hosted". A "freestanding" environment needs to
   provide only a subset of the C library: float.h, iso646.h, limits.h,
   stdalign.h, stdarg.h, stdbool.h, stddef.h, stdint.h and stdnoreturn.h
   (as of C11). All of these consist of typedef s and #define s "only", so
   you can implement them without a single .c file in sight.

   To use your new compiler simply by invoking $TARGET-gcc, add
   $HOME/opt/cross/bin to your $PATH by typing:
export PATH="$HOME/opt/cross/bin:$PATH"

   This command will add your new compiler to your PATH for this shell
   session. If you wish to use it permanently, add the PATH command to
   your ~/.profile configuration shell script or similar. Consult your
   shell documentation for more information.

   You can now move on to complete the [67]Bare Bones tutorial variant
   that lead you here and complete it using your new cross-compiler. If
   you built a new GCC version as your system compiler and used it to
   build the cross-compiler, you can now safely uninstall it unless you
   wish to continue using it.

Troubleshooting

   In general, verify that you read the instructions carefully and typed
   the commands precisely. Don't skip instructions. You will have to set
   your PATH variable again if you use a new shell instance, if you don't
   make it permanent by adding it to your shell profile. If a compilation
   seems to have gotten really messed up, type make distclean, and then
   start the make process over again. Ensure your un-archiever doesn't
   change newline characters.

ld: cannot find -lgcc

   You specified that you want to link the GCC low-level runtime library
   into your executable through the -lgcc' switch, but forgot to build and
   properly install the library.

Binutils 2.9

   What's alphabetically on the top or bottom is not necessarily the
   latest version. After 2.9 comes 2.10, 2.11, 2.12 and then there are
   fifteen more releases that are all newer and progressively more likely
   to build or support your choice of GCC version.

See Also

Articles

     * [68]Cross-Compiler Successful Builds - combinations of GCC and
       Binutils which have been shown to work with this tutorial by
       OSDev.org members.
     * [69]Target Triplet - on target triplets and their use
     * [70]OS Specific Toolchain - going a step further and adding your
       own target.
     * [71]LLVM Cross-Compiler - some compilers make things much easier.
     * [72]Canadian Cross - making things yet more complicated.

External Links

     * [73]http://kegel.com/crosstool has a popular example of a script
       that automatically downloads, patches, and builds binutils, gcc,
       and glibc for known platforms.
     * [74]http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gccint/Libgcc.html - Summary of
       the support functions you get when you link with libgcc.
     * [75]http://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic.php?t=66125 - Compiling
       Windows applications under Linux
     * [76]http://www.libsdl.org/extras/win32/cross/README.txt - dito
     * [77]https://github.com/travisg/toolchains - Another script for
       building simple cross compilers
     * [78]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aESwsmnA7Ec - A walkthrough of
       how to build a cross-compiler using Cygwin on Windows.
     * [79]https://github.com/Cheapskate01/Cross-Compiler-Build-Script - A
       dead-simple script that Binutils and Gcc for you.

Prebuilt Toolchains

   These were built by people in the OSdev community for their own
   building needs and shared at will, without guaranteeing any support or
   that it will even work on your setup. YMMV.

   Latests versions for Linux (many arch)
     * [80]kernel.org various hosts/targets

   For Linux x86_64 host
     * [81]i386-elf 4.9.1 target
     * [82]i686-elf 4.9.1 target
     * [83]x86_64-elf 4.9.1 target
     * [84]aarch64-elf 4.9.1 target
     * [85]arm-eabi 4.9.1 target
     * [86]m68k-elf 4.9.1 target
     * [87]powerpc-elf 4.9.1 target
     * [88]sparc-elf 4.9.1 target
     * [89]sh-elf 4.9.1 target

   The packages from phillid.tk below have been shrunk to about 10 MiB for
   each pair of packages (GCC & Binutils). Please note that this has been
   achieved by enabling only the C front-end for GCC. If you're going to
   write your OS in any language but C or Assembly, these packages aren't
   for you. These are actually Pacman packages, but untarring them to /
   and rm-ing /.MTREE and other clutter dotfiles contained in the package
   will work the same.

   For Windows host
     * [90]i686-elf 4.8.2 target
     * [91]x86_64-elf 5.1.0 target

   For Windows Subsystem for Linux (Beta) host
     * [92]i686-elf 6.1.0 target (extracts to a directory called "cross",
       don't forget to install 'make' - I would recommend "apt-get install
       build-essential" to also add additional useful tools)

   For OSX host
     * [93]x86_64-pc-elf Cross Compiler setup with GCC and Binutils for
       x86_64 OSX

   ARM prebuilt toolchains for multiple host platforms

   ARM provides it's own prebuilt toolchain based upon GNU utilities for
   development targeting ARM systems.
     * [94]GNU ARM Embedded Toolchain

   Retrieved from
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